Spring 2010 Cumulative Outline

(This will slide around abit as the semester proceeds to accommodate shifts in emphasis. After each lecture, the "Lecture X" hyperlink will connect to that lecture's slide collection. Previews may be found via the "Main Index" under "Preview". When lecture material has corresponding text material, the Chapter and possible Section are indicated in [green]. Be aware that parts of the outline may have no corresponding reading in the text.

Lecture Slides 1. History [Chapter 2]

• The first 2000 years
• Stoichiometry Laws

·        

• • Conservation of Mass
  • Law of Definite Proportions
  • Law of Multiple Proportions

• Law of Multiple Proportions illustrated
• Dalton's Postulates and Atomic Theory
• Dalton's "Postulate of Simplicity"
• Law of Combining Volumes
  
• Avogadro's Law (Hypothesis) [p. 20]
• Cannizzaro's Stoichiometric Analyses

Lecture Slides 2. History

• Avogadro's Law (Hypothesis) [p. 20]
• Cannizzaro's Stoichiometric Analyses
• Early recognition of "Periodicity"

Energies

• Kinetic energy
• Potential energy (and forces)
• Internal energies (rotation and vibration)
• Light [Chapter 12]]
• H-atom line spectra (emission and absorbtion)

Masses

• Avogadro's number and the mole
• Mass spectrometry

Lecture Slides 3.

Problems with some results of physical measurements [Chapter 12]

• Line spectra
• Photoelectric Effect
• Blackbody Radiation (and the ultraviolet catastrophe)

Physics puzzles "solved" by quantization

• Blackbody radiation, Planck, E=hv, energy jumps
• Photoelectric Effect, Einstein, the photon
• Line spectra, Bohr's Planetary Model, quantized angular momentum

(Old Quantum Theory)

Physics puzzles "solved" by quantization (continued)
Line spectra, Bohr's Planetary Model, quantized angular momentum [Section 12.4]

(New Quantum Theory)

• deBroglie and wave-particle duality of matter (Section 12.2)

Lecture Slides 4. (Old Quantum Theory)

Wave Nature of Matter

• Particle-in-a-box (Section 12.6)

• one dimension
• two dimenstions
• three dimensions
• Schrodinger wave equation (concept), amplitude squared = local probability densities (Section 8.6)

• Schrodinger's Wave Equation applied to the hydrogen atom [Section 12.7]
• • n, principal quantum number
  • l, angular momentum or shape quantum number
  • m_l, magnetic or orientation quantum number

Electron "spin"[Section 12.10]

• m_s, spin quantum number

Geometries [12.9]

Lecture Slides 5. (New Quantum Theory)

Geometries [12.9]

More outcomes of wave-particle duality

• (Heisenberg's) Uncertainty Principle [p.539]

• • simultaneous precise measurements restrictions
  • paths or orbits of particles are not legitimate topics of discussion

• Radial density distributions and electron density plots

• • screening and penetration of electrons in the same shell

Many-electron systems

• (Pauli) Exclusion Principle [Section 12.10]
• Effective nuclear charge [Section 12.11]

Lecture Slides 6. Many-electron systems

• Photoelectron spectra of atoms
• Hund's Rule [Section 12.13]
• Excited states
• Building the Periodic Table

Lecture Slides 7. The Periodic Table (continued)

• Electron configurations (exceptions)
• Sizes [pp. 577,8]
• Isoelectronic species
• Transition metal ions
• Ionization energies [12.15]

Lecture Slides 8. Periodic Table (continued)

• Ionization energies
• Electron affinities[12.15]

Lecture Slides 9. Molecules

Electronegativity [13.2]

Molecular Structure

Lewis Structures [13.10]

• Valence electrons (Main groups)
• Octet Rule
• Structural isomers

Lecture Slides 10. Lewis Structures [13.10]

• Formal charge and preferred structures [13.12]
• Exceptions to the Octet Rule [13.12]
  • Incomplete octets
  • Odd electron numbers
  • Expanded octets (hypervalency)

Lecture Slides11. Molecular Structure

Resonance (Benzene puzzles)

Resonance [13.12]

• Equivalent preferred contributors
• Bond order

Lewis structures

• More Examples

Lecture Slides12. Lewis structures

• Reaction Heats

Dipole moments and partial ionic character

Line Structures

Acid strengths and pK's

• Binary Acids

Lecture Slides 13.

Acid strengths and pK's

• Oxoacids
• Resonance stabilization
• Carboxylic acids

Molecular Geometries

VSEPR Model [13.13]

• Steric number (and coordination number)
• Electronic geometries
• (Ideal) Molecular geometries

Lecture Slides 14. Molecular Geometries

VSEPR Model [13.13]

• Central atom with lone pairs

Distortions from ideal geometries

• effect of lone pairs vs bonding pairs
• effect of multiple bonds
• effect of lone single electrons
• effect of electronegativity

Lecture Slides 15. Molecular Geometries (continued)

Dipole Moments in Polyatomic Molecules

Molecular dipoles from "bond" dipoles

Review for Exam II

Lecture Slides 16. Molecular Geometries

Dipole Moments in Polyatomic Molecules

Geometric isomerism

Quantum Theory of the Chemical Bond

Molecular orbitals (in "homonuclear diatomic molecules" [14.2]

• Approximated by combinations of atomic orbitals
• Constructive and destructive interference effects
• Combining 1s atomic orbitals to get molecular orbitals

• • "Sigma" bonding molecular orbital
  • "Sigma" antibonding molecular orbital

Lecture Slides 17. Quantum Theory of the Chemical Bond

Molecular orbitals (in "homonuclear diatomic molecules" [14.2,3]

• Combining 1s atomic orbitals to get molecular orbitals

• • "Sigma" bonding molecular orbital
  • "Sigma" antibonding molecular orbital

• Combining 2p atomic orbitals

• • "Sigma" bonding molecular orbital
  • "Sigma" antibonding molecular orbital
  • "Pi" bonding molecular orbitals
  • "Pi" antibonding molecular orbitals

• Molecular energy level diagrams
• Building up electron configurations
• Bond order

Lecture Slides 18. Quantum Theory of the Chemical Bond

Molecular Orbitals (factors to consider)

• Importance of energy match vs mismatch
• Importance of net overlap

Heteronuclear diatomic molecules [14.4]

Lecture Slides 19. Quantum Theory of the Chemical Bond

Molecular Orbitals

• Polyatomic molecules
• Hybrid atomic orbitals [14.1]

Molecular Orbitals in Polyatomic Molecules

• Molecular orbitals from combinations of hybrid atomic orbitals
• The rigid double bond
• The freely rotating single sigma bond

Lecture Slides 20. Molecular Orbitals in Polyatomic Molecules (Delocalized Bonds)

• Delocalized molecular orbitals (1,3 butadiene)
• Partial bond orders per electron
• Bond orders

Lecture Slides 21. Delocalized Molecular Orbitals

Excited states

Benzene

Triatomic molecules

• Ozone
• Carbon dioxide

Energy levels and the particle-in-a-box model

• conjugated systems
• particle-in-a-box levels
• light absorption transitions

Lecture Slides 22. Delocalized Molecular Orbitals

Energy levels and the particle-in-a-box model

• conjugated systems
• particle-in-a-box levels
• light absorption transitions
• retinal

Metallic bonds [pp. 797-8]

Lecture Slides 23. Intermolecular Interactions

Ideal gases

Real gases (Van der Waals)

• Excluded volume effect
• Intermolecular attractions

Lecture Slides 24. Review for Exam III

Lecture Slides 25. Intermolecular Interactions (condensed phases)Real gases (Van der Waals) [16.1, 2]

Induced dipoles

• Polarizability

Van der Waals interactions

• Permanent dipoles
• Temporary (induced) dipoles
• Boiling points, melting points, densities

• Effects of size
• Effects of shape

Lecture Slides 26. Intermolecular Interactions (condensed phases)

Van der Waals interactions

• Hydrogen Bonding
• Molecular Basis of Solubility

Lecture Slides 27.

Oxidation Numbers

Transition Metal Chemistry

Tramsition metal ion electron configurations [19.1]

Coordination complexes [19.3]

Isomers Real [19.4]

• Structural Isomers
• Stereoisomers

Lecture Slides 28. Transition metal complexes

Stereoisomers

Geometrical isomers

• Square planar geometries
• Octahedral geometries

Optical isomers

Observations to explain

• Colors
• Magnetic Properties
• Stability

Crystal Field Theory

Lecture Slides 29. Transition Metal Complexes

Crystal Field theory

Distorting the octahedral geometry

Square Planar geometry

Tetrahedral geometry

Hybrid orbitals and bonding

Lecture Slides 30. Transition Metal Complexes

Hybrid orbitals and bonding

• square planar geometries
• linear geometries

Lecture Slides 31. Transition Metal Complexes

• Quadruple and quintuple bonds\

Proteins and Amino acids

• alpha amino carboxylic acids
• side groups (polar vs nonpolar)
• peptide bond
• structure

Lecture Slides 32. Hemoglobin

• Iron II heme
• ionic radii for transition metal ions