I. Urbanization

        US Population Growth -- 60 Million in 1890
                                                 76 Million in 1900

        New sources of immigrants: south & east Europe, esp. Italy, Poland, & Russia

        Growth of cities
                New York -- 1.5 million in 1870s; 3.5 million in 1900
                Chicago -- established in 1830; 2 million people by 1900
 

II. Industrialization

        Began: as early as 1750s in England and in 1820s in US

        Biggest change in 1880s and 1890s: consolidation of industry
                Example: John D. Rockefellerís Standard Oil Company
                        Horizontal integration
                        Vertical integration
 

III. Collective Activism -- Reasons and Examples

        Loss of control over work
                Example: 1892 strike at the Carnegie Steel Works in Homestead
                    Henry Clay Frick

        Economic Instability
                Example: Depression of 1893

        Government Opposition to labor activism
                Example: Pullman Sleeper Car Company strike, 1894
                       President Grover Cleveland
                       Eugene V. Debs

        Farm crisis
                Populist Party
                James B. Weaver
                William Jennings Bryan
                William McKinley