1	What Are Databases Made Of? Databases or files Subfiles Records Fields Subfields
2	A Sample Database Record Personal author: Garreau, Joel. Title: The nine nations of North America / Joel Garreau. Publication info: Boston : Houghton Mifflin, 1981. ISBN: 0395291240 : $12.95 Physical description: xvii, 427 p. : ill. ; 24 cm. General note: Includes index. Bibliography note: Bibliography: p. [397]-413.
3	A Sample Database Record (cont.) Personal subject: Garreau, Joel. Subject: United States--Description and travel--1960- Subject: United States--Economic conditions--1961- Subject: United States--Social conditions--1960- Subject: Canada--Description and travel--1945- Subject: Canada--Economic conditions--1945- Subject: Canada--Social condition.
4	The Record’s Underlying Structure 100: 10 : Garreau, Joel. 245: 14 : The nine nations of North America /\|cJoel Garreau. 260: 0 : Boston :\|bHoughton Mifflin,\|c1981. 020: : 0395291240 :\|c$12.95 300: : xvii, 427 p. :\|bill. ;\|c24 cm. 500: : Includes index. 504: : Bibliography: p. [397]-413. 596: : 5
5	The Record’s Underlying Structure (cont.) 600: 10 : Garreau, Joel. 651: 0 : United States\|xDescription and travel\|y1960- 651: 0 : United States\|xEconomic conditions\|y1961- 651: 0 : United States\|xSocial conditions\|y1960- 651: 0 : Canada\|xDescription and travel\|y1945- 651: 0 : Canada\|xEconomic conditions\|y1945- 651: 0 : Canada\|xSocial condition.
6	Matt’s Presidential Literature Database RN - 101 AU - Mazlish, Bruce TI - In Search of Nixon : A Psychohistorical Inquiry SU – Nixon, Richard M. (Richard Milhouse), 1913-1994
7	Matt’s Presidential Literature Database (cont.) RN – 102 AU – Eisenhower, Dwight D. TI – At Ease : Stories I Tell My Friends SU – Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890-1969
8	Matt’s Presidential Literature Database (cont.) RN – 103 AU – Ellis, Joseph J. TI – Passionate Sage : The Character and Legacy of John Adams SU – Adams, John, 1743-1826
9	Basic vs Additional Index For our toy database, our titles and subjects comprise the basic index Our additional index will be the author index
10	Dialog’s Stop Words an and by for from of the to with
11	Number all Words and/or Phrases Mazlish, Bruce 101 AU1 in 101 TI1 search 101 TI2 nixon 101 TI4 a 101 TI5 psychohistorical 101 TI6 inquiry 101 TI7
12	Number all Words and/or Phrases (cont.) nixon 101 SU1 richard 101 SU2 m 101 SU3 richard 101 SU4 milhouse 101 SU5 1913 101 SU6
13	Number all Words and/or Phrases (cont.) 1994 101 SU7 Nixon, Richard M. (Richard Milhouse), 1913-1994 101 SU8 Correction: 101 SU1, SU2, …, SU7 Eisenhower, Dwight D. 102 AU1 at 102 TI1 ease 102 TI2
14	Number all Words and/or Phrases (cont.) stories 102 TI3 i 102 TI4 tell 102 TI5 my 102 TI6 friends 102 TI7 eisenhower 102 SU1 dwight 102 SU2
15	Number all Words and/or Phrases (cont.) … And so on … Next Step à Alphabetize the list for the basic index
16	Alphabetize the List 1743 103 SU3 1826 103 SU4 1890 102 SU6 1913 101 SU6 1969 102 SU7 1994 101 SU7
17	Alphabetize the List (cont.) a 101 TI5 adams 103 TI6 adams 103 SU1 Adams, John, 1743-1826 103 SU5 Correction: 103 SU1, SU2, SU3, SU4 at 102 TI1 character 103 TI3 d 102 SU3
18	Alphabetize the List (cont.) david 102 SU 5 dwight 102 SU 2 dwight 102 SU 4 ease 102 TI 2 eisenhower 102 SU 1 Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890-1969 102 SU 8 Correction: 102 SU1, SU2, … , SU7 … and so on
19	Author Additional Index Eisenhower, Dwight D. 102 AU 1 Ellis, Joseph J. 103 AU 1 Mazlich, Bruce 101 AU 1 Note that this index is phrase indexed but NOT word indexed
20	A Record from Dialog Let’s look beyond the book record of a catalog: http://library.dialog.com/bluesheets/html/bl0001.html
21	Does the Internet have Structure? http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~matthewm/mrmwork.html
22	Starting a Search in ERIC on Dialog ?BEGIN 1 or, in an abbreviated format: ?b 1
23	"?B" ?B 1 30may03 22:38:44 User556323 Session D1.1 $0.00 0.241 DialUnits FileHomeBase $0.00 Estimated cost FileHomeBase $0.04 INTERNET $0.04 Estimated cost this search $0.04 Estimated total session cost 0.241 DialUnits File 1:ERIC 1966-2003/May 10 (c) format only 2003 The Dialog Corporation Set Items Description --- ----- ----------- ?
24	Searching for a Word ?SELECT mathematics or, in abbreviated format: ?s mathematics
25
26	Using Boolean (Logical) Operators OR Operator Use OR to group synonymous terms when at least one must be present. AND Operator Use AND to connect terms when both or all must be present. NOT Operator Use NOT to exclude records containing a specified term.
27	Venn Diagram Depicting AND Logic
28	Venn Diagram Depicting OR Logic
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30	Using OR Operator; Display Sets (DS) Command ?S MATH OR MATHEMATICS 10825 MATH 54890 MATHEMATICS S5 58984 MATH OR MATHEMATICS ?DS Set Items Description S1 54890 MATHEMATICS S2 4055 FEAR S3 116 S1 AND S2 S4 169200 1 AND 2 S5 58984 MATH OR MATHEMATICS ?
31	"?S" ?S S2 AND S5 4055 S2 58984 S5 S6 138 S2 AND S5 ?DS Set Items Description S1 54890 MATHEMATICS S2 4055 FEAR S3 116 S1 AND S2 S4 169200 1 AND 2 S5 58984 MATH OR MATHEMATICS S6 138 S2 AND S5 ?
32	“/ENG” – Limit by Language ? S S3 OR S6 116 S3 138 S6 S7 138 S3 OR S6 ?S S7/ENG >>>Term "ENG" is not defined in file 1 and is ignored S8 138 S7/ENG ? http://library.dialog.com/bluesheets/html/bl0001.html
33	Suffix Searching ?s mathematics searches for the word ‘mathematics’ in the basic index (usually includes the abstract field and may include fulltext! ?s mathematics/ti searches for the word ‘mathematics’ in the title field ?s mathematics/ti,de searches for the word ‘mathematics’ in the title OR descriptor fields
34	EXPAND Command in the Language Index (LA=) ? E LA=ENGLISH Ref Items Index-term E1 19 LA=DUTCH E2 1 LA=EDO E3 752078 *LA=ENGLISH E4 1 LA=ESPERANTO . . . E8 14 LA=FINNISH E9 3292 LA=FRENCH E10 3 LA=FULANI E11 1 LA=GANDA E12 728 LA=GERMAN Enter P or PAGE for more ?
35	Select Command From an Expanded List ? S E3 S9 752078 LA='ENGLISH' ?DS Set Items Description S1 54890 MATHEMATICS S2 4055 FEAR S3 116 S1 AND S2 S4 169200 1 AND 2 S5 58984 MATH OR MATHEMATICS S6 138 S2 AND S5 S7 138 S3 OR S6 S8 138 S7/ENG S9 752078 LA='ENGLISH' ?
36	Combining Our Results with the Set of All English Language Records; What Have We Spent So Far?!!! ? S S7 AND S9 138 S7 752078 S9 S10 129 S7 AND S9 ?COST 30may03 22:42:18 User556323 Session D1.2 $1.22 0.817 DialUnits File1 $1.22 Estimated cost File1 $0.20 INTERNET $1.42 Estimated cost this search $1.46 Estimated total session cost 1.057 DialUnits ?
37	The TYPE Command ? T S10/8/1-5 10/8/1 DIALOG(R)File 1:(c) format only 2003 The Dialog Corporation. All rts. reserv. 01106676 ERIC NO.: ED458214 CLEARINGHOUSE NO.: TM032844 The Debate over National Testing. ERIC Digest. April 2001 (20010400) DESCRIPTORS: Academic Achievement; Achievement Tests; Elementary Secondary Education; Federal Government; Government Role; National Competency Tests; Performance Based Assessment; Politics; Test Construction; Test Use IDENTIFIERS: ERIC Digests; *National Assessment of Educational Progress
38	"10/8/2" 10/8/2 DIALOG(R)File 1:(c) format only 2003 The Dialog Corporation. All rts. reserv. 01098402 ERIC NO.: ED452367 CLEARINGHOUSE NO.: CE081628 Women and Minorities in High-Tech Careers. ERIC Digest No. 226. 2001 (20010000) DESCRIPTORS: Attitude Change; Career Education; Change Strategies; Community Colleges; Computer Attitudes; Education Work Relationship; Educational Change; Educational Environment; Educational Policy; Educational Technology; Elementary Secondary Education; Employed Women; Employment Patterns; Equal Education; Information Needs; Job Training; Leadership; Literature Reviews; Minority Groups; Needs Assessment; Nontraditional Occupations; Recruitment; Role Models; Sex Fairness; Technical Occupations; Technological Advancement; Trend Analysis; Two Year Colleges; Vocational Education; Womens Education IDENTIFIERS: ERIC Digests 10/8/3 . . .
39	Details of the Type Command ?T S10/8/1-5 “S10” is the set number that you are choosing “8” is the format that you’re choosing for your output “1-5” are the first five records of your resultant set S10 http://library.dialog.com/bluesheets/html/bl0001.html
40	Expand of the Basic Index in ERIC ? E GRADE 5 Ref Items RT Index-term E1 3486 3 GRADE 3 E2 4327 3 GRADE 4 E3 4463 3 *GRADE 5 . . . E7 2561 5 GRADE 9 E8 1 GRADEAID E9 44 GRADEBOOK E10 1 GRADEBOOK PROGRAMS E11 15 GRADEBOOKS E12 1 GRADECALC Enter P or PAGE for more ?
41	"? S E3" ? S E3 S11 4463 'GRADE 5' ?S S10 AND S11 129 S10 4463 S11 S12 1 S10 AND S11 ?
42	"? T S12/9/1" ? T S12/9/1 12/9/1 DIALOG(R)File 1:ERIC (c) format only 2002 The Dialog Corporation. All rts. reserv. 00490065 ERIC NO.: ED219235 CLEARINGHOUSE NO.: SE038286 Teaching Problem Solving; the Effect of Algorithmic and Heuristic Problem Solving Training in Relation to Task Complexity and Relevant Aptitudes. de Leeuw, L.; CORP. SOURCE: Free Univ., Amsterdam (Netherlands). (BBB20582) 16pp. 1982 (19820000) EDRS Price MF01/PC01 Plus Postage. LANGUAGE: English DOCUMENT TYPE: 143 (Reports--Research) RECORD TYPE: ABSTRACT COUNTRY OF PUBLICATION: Netherlands JOURNAL ANNOUNCEMENT: RIEDEC1982 Sixty-four fifth and sixth-grade pupils were taught number series extrapolation by either an algorithm, fully prescribed …
43	LOGOFF Command and Session Costs ?LOGOFF 30may03 22:47:24 User556323 Session D1.2 $1.83 1.222 DialUnits File1 $0.00 5 Type(s) in Format 8 $0.00 2 Type(s) in Format 9 $0.00 7 Types $1.83 Estimated cost File1 $0.45 INTERNET $2.28 Estimated cost this search $2.32 Estimated total session cost 1.462 DialUnits Return to logon page!
44	Nesting Consider the following commands: ?s cat or feline ?s leukemia ?s s1 and s2 ?s cat or feline and leukemia ?s (cat or feline) and leukemia
45	Why Nesting is so Important You can enter any combination of logical operators in a single SELECT. Use parentheses as needed to specify the correct order of processing. Without parentheses, the order of processing (for Dialog) is: First: NOT operators Second: AND operators Third: OR operators
46	An Example of What Nesting Does
47	Truncation and Wildcards model models modeled modeler modeling modelled modelling
48	Truncation Varieties Multiple character ?s model? Finite number of characters ?s model???? But … what about one character? ?s model? ?
49	Wildcards ?s wom?n Searches for woman or women or womyn How about searches for labor or labour Can’t be done in Dialog – must have the same number of characters that you wish to replace Wildcards only need to come into play as needed