14. Explain the concept of crowding out.

This one is straight out of the transparencies. Remember that an inrease in government expenditure forces down either consumption or investment, or both. The balance between the reduction in consumption and the reduction in investment depends on their relative sensitivities to the real rate of interest. Although a loss of consumption may also be viewed as bad, remember that the term "crowding out" has been reserved for the question of how much investment goes down when government expenditure goes up.