History

79-353/A1 and 79-353/A2:

20th Century American Immigration and Migration: A Resource Guide

• Background
• Books
• Internet Guides
• Journal and Magazine Articles
• Maps
• Newspaper Articles
• Pictorial Resources
• Primary Sources
• Statistics

Background

Sometimes you may need some information to get more familiar with your topic. Below are some materials that can provide background in History. Hunt Library has additional resources, so if you need help finding information, please ask at the Hunt Library reference desk.

• Balch Institute for Ethnic Studies Museum
  Current and past exhibits provide some pictures and background on the American ethnic, racial, and immigration experiences.

• Ciment, James. Encyclopedia of American Immigration. 4 vols. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 2001.
  HUNT REF-1 304.873 E56

• European Immigration to the United States (Spartacus Educational)

• Fuchs, Lawrence H. "Immigration Policy." In Encyclopedia of the United States Congress, edited by Donald C. Bacon, Rogher H. Davidson, and Morton Keller, vol. 2, pp.1093-1101. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995.
  HUNT REF-1 328.73 E562

• Immigration (Library of Congress)

• Kanellos, Nicolás and Claudio Esteva-Fabregat. Handbook of Hispanic Cultures in the United States: Sociology. Houston, Tex.: Arte Público Press c1993-
  HUNT REF-1 973.0468 H236 VOL. 3

• Kupiec, Mary Cayton, Elliott J. Gorn, and Peter W. Williams, eds. Encyclopedia of American Social History. 3 vols. New York: Scribner, c1993.
  HUNT REF-1 306.0973 E56

• Levinson, David and Melvin Ember, eds. American Immigrant Cultures: Builders of a Nation. 2 vols. New York: Macmillan Reference USA, c1997.
  HUNT REF-1 305.800973 A5123

• Ng, Franklin, ed. Asian American Encyclopedia. 6 vols. New York: Marshall Cavendish, c1995.
  HUNT REF-1 973.0495003 A832

• Niiya, Brian, ed. Encyclopedia of Japanese American History: An A-to-Z Reference From 1868 to the Present. New York: Facts on File, c2001.
  HUNT REF-1 973.04956 J35A

• Pan, Lynn. Encyclopedia of the Chinese Overseas. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1999.
  HUNT REF-1 304.80951 E56

• Thernstrom, Stephan. Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press, 1980.
  HUNT REF-1 973.04 H33

• Timeline of U.S. Immigration Policy (Close Up Foundation)

• Trotter, Joe W., Jr. "Migration/Population." In Encyclopedia of African-American Culture and History, edited by Salzman, Jack, David Lionel Smith, and Cornel West, vol. 4, pp. 1779-1785. New York: Macmillan Library Reference, c1996.
  HUNT REF-1 973.0496 E56

• Vecoli, Rudolph J. "Ethnicity and Immigration." In Encyclopedia of the United States in the Twentieth Century, edited by Stanley I. Kutler, vol. 1, pp. 161-193. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, c1996.
  HUNT REF-1 973 E56

• Vecoli, Rudolph J., ed. Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America. 2 vols. Detroit, MI: Gale Research, c1995.
  HUNT REF-1 305.800973 G151

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Books

To find books on your topic, use the catalogs listed below.

Subject terms to search or browse might be: immigrants immigration migration internal nationalities e. g. chinese (best combined with geographical entitity) ethnic groups e. g. hmong americans or chinese americans

perhaps searched in combination with: history 20th century ethnic identity cultural assimilation state name(s) e. g. california


Please note that if you are researching African Americans, that subject terminology has changed over time, and that all variations should be searched, e. g. african americans or afro-americans.

If you need help finding books on your topic, ask at the Hunt Library reference desk. The reference staff can help you identify appropriate terms and search strategies to use for your topic.

• Cameo
  Library catalog of the Carnegie Mellon University Libraries including books, titles of periodicals (journals, magazines, newspapers), videos, etc.

• The Catalog (The EIN Library Catalog) (Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh)
  Catalog of Pittsburgh's public libraries. Carnegie Mellon faculty, staff, and students can borrow materials by getting a Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh library card at the Main Library lending desk. Library Cards are free to residents of Allegheny County (bring proof of address), as well as out-of-town college students residing in the county (bring your Carnegie Mellon ID card and proof of local address).

• Pittcat (University of Pittsburgh Libraries)
  Catalog of the University of Pittsburgh Library System, including all branch campus libraries. Carnegie Mellon faculty, staff, and students can borrow materials by getting a Special Borrower's card at the Hillman Library circulation desk with their Carnegie Mellon ID cards and proof of current Carnegie Mellon affiliation. See University of Pittsburgh Library System Reciprocal Borrowing Agreement for details.

• Worldcat (Carnegie Mellon users only)
  1200-present (Updated daily)
  Citations to books, titles of journals, manuscripts, and other materials in libraries throughout the United States, as well as some international libraries. You can limit your search to books by selecting Book in the Type option. Each record will let you know which libraries have that item.

If you need books that are not in the Carnegie Mellon University Libraries, you can use PALCI or Interlibrary Loan. PALCI items usually come in a few days, while Interlibrary Loan can take a longer period of time.

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Internet Guides

• Internet Modern History Sourcebook: US Immigration (Paul Halsall, Fordham University)

• WWW-VL: History: United States: Ethnic Studies

• Yahoo!> Arts > Humanities > History > U.S. History > By Subject > Immigration

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Journal and Magazine Articles

Below are some resources for finding journal and magazine articles on your topic. If you need help using these or with developing a search strategy, please ask at the Hunt Library reference desk.

• America: History and Life (Carnegie Mellon users only)
  1964-present (updated monthly).
  Citations and some abstracts to journal articles, dissertations, and book and media reviews on United States and Canadian history from prehistory to the present. Use the advanced search to search or browse subject terms. Migration, immigrants or immigration would be good subject terms to use, perhaps in combination with an ethnic group name, e. g., chinese americans. For research on African Americans, this database uses the term blacks. Use the Time Period line to limit to a particular century, e. g. 1900H or even a particular decade, e. g. 1930d. You can combine one or more decades, e. g. 1930d or 1940d or 1950d.

• Expanded Academic ASAP via Infotrac Web (Carnegie Mellon users only)
  Citations and some full text to journal articles in all fields. Search by keyword or type Emigration and Immigration in the Subject Guide and then select Narrow by Subdivision to browse.

• Immigration (Atlantic Online)
  Articles from The Atlantic Monthly's archive and related links. See additional articles at Immigration: The Perpetual Controversy

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Maps

• Chaliand, Gérard and Jean-Pierre Rageau. Penguin Atlas of Diasporas. New York: Viking, 1995.
  HUNT REF-1 304.8 C43P

• Flanders, Stephen A. Atlas of American Migration. New York: Facts on File, 1998.
  HUNT REF-1 304.80973 F58A

• Segal, Aaron. Atlas of International Migration. New Jersey: Hans Zell Publishers, 1993.
  HUNT REF-1 304.8 S45A

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Newspaper Articles

Some newspaper resources are also listed under Primary Sources.
• Ethnic News Watch (Carnegie Mellon users only)
  1975 - present (updated monthly).
  Ethnic NewsWatch is a full-text general reference database of the newspapers, magazines and journals of the ethnic, minority and native press --English and Spanish language.

• Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe (Carnegie Mellon users only)
  Features full-text access to news, business, legal and general medical/health information. The U.S. News section will let you search newspapers by region or state.

• Proquest Newspapers (Carnegie Mellon users only)
  Once connected to Proquest, click Collections to select Proquest Newspapers or National Newspapers, then click Search Methods to select a way to search. Recommended: Guided, which offers flexibility in where you want your search terms to appear.

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Pictorial Resources

Below are resources for finding historical pictures and photographs. Hunt Library has many other pictorial resources, too. Many can be found by doing a subject keyword search in Cameo, the Carnegie Mellon online library catalog, using the terms pictorial and X, where X is the subject in which you are interested, e. g., pictorial and immigrants or pictorial and chinese americans. If you need help finding historical pictures, please ask for assistance at the Hunt Library reference desk.

• AP Photo Archive (Carnegie Mellon users only)
  Contains regional, state, national and international news photographs with descriptive captions and identifying information including photographer, date and location. Downloading, printing, and display of images is permitted for Carnegie Mellon users for educational purposes. Distribution or display of images via any electronic format must be confined to the Carnegie Mellon community.

• Balch Institute for Ethnic Studies Museum
  Current and past exhibits provide some pictures and background on the American ethnic, racial, and immigration experiences.

• Image Collection on EBSCOhost via the Access PA Power Library
  Select an EBSCOhost database and then select the Image Collections button at the top. You can make your search more relevant by selecting the Historical photos category. The link above is only for Allegheny County public library card holders. If you're not from Allegheny County, you can find use Find Power Library to locate your local library and logon from there with your library card ID.

• Immigration Station at Angel Island, California. (Angel Island Association)

• Selected Images of Ellis Island and Immigration, ca. 1880-1920 (Library of Congress)

• "Suffering Under a Great Injustice:" Ansel Adams's Photographs of Japanese-American Internment at Manzanar (American Memory, Library of Congress)

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Primary Sources

Other source material may be found by using the catalogs listed in Books and combining immigrants, immigration or ethnic group or nationality names with correspondence, diaries, sources, and personal narratives. If you need help finding primary sources, please ask for assistance at the Hunt Library reference desk.
• African American Newspapers: the 19th Century via Accessible Archives (Carnegie Mellon users only)
  The complete text of major 19th century African-American newspapers published in the United States. An ongoing project, new text is added to the database each month.

• American Memory: Historical Collections for the National Digital Library (Library of Congress)
  Search all or selected collections to find images, audio, documents, etc.

• Balch Online Resources: Working with Documents (Balch Institute for Ethnic Studies)
  Immigrant guides, steamship ads, steerage accounts, etc.

• Ellis Island (The Statue of Liberty-Ellis Island Foundation)

• Flashback: Immigration: The Perpetual Controversy (Atlantic Online)
  Articles on immigration from the Atlantic 1896-1994. See additional articles at Immigration.

• Harpweek (Carnegie Mellon users only)
  Articles, maps, cartoons, etc. from Harper's Weekly from 1857-1912.

• Immigrant and Ethnic America (Harpweek)
  Articles, maps, cartoons, etc. from Harper's Weekly. This is a free site, with limited access.

• Proquest Historical Newspapers (Carnegie Mellon users only)
  Search and display full text of historical issues of the New York Times (90% complete; when completed: 1851-1999) and Wall Street Journal (90% complete; when completed: 1890-1986). Use the date limits at the bottom of the screen to make your search more specific.

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Statistics

Below are some of the resources available for finding immigration and migration statistics. The resources listed at History: Statistics: General may be useful, too. Please ask for assistance at the Hunt Library reference desk if you are having trouble locating the statistics that you need.

• Carpenter, Niles. Immigrants and Their Children, 1920; A Study Based on Census Statistics Relative to the Foreign Born and the Native White of Foreign or Mixed Parentage. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1927.
  HUNT REF-1 317.3 C29I

• Federation of Social Agencies of Pittsburgh and Allegheny County Bureau of Social Research. Social Facts about Pittsburgh and Allegheny County ... 5 vols. Pittsburgh: Bureau of Social Research, Federation of Social Agencies of Pittsburgh and Allegheny County, c1945.
  HUNT REF-1 312.0974886 F29S
  Kept in locked case at the reference desk.

• Geographical Mobility/Migration (United States Census Bureau)
  • The Current Population Survey
    Includes data on the annual rate of moving, and the characteristics of movers and nonmovers by type of move. site includes CPS reports from 1990-2000, as well as historical data from 1947-2000. Older issues of the CPS dealing with mobility are available in paper in HUNT REF-1/CENSUS C3.186/20 and on microfiche ASI 2546. Linda Morris' Subject Index to Current Population Reports and Other Population Report Series. HUNT REF-1 304.60973 S9412 can help identify the report number(s) you need. Reference librarians at the Hunt Library reference desk can also help you locate the material on microfiche or in paper.

• Gibson, Campbell J. and Emily Lennon. "Historical Census Statistics on the Foreign-born Population of the United States: 1850-1990" (United States Census Bureau)

• Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970. Washington, D. C.: U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1976.
  HUNT REF-1 317.3 U25ABS SUPP. 1970
  Historical Statistics of the United States on CD-ROM: Colonial Times to 1970 [CD-ROM]. New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
  HUNT REF-1 317.3 U25ABS SUPP. 1970A
  "International Migration and Naturalization," pp. 97-120.

• Hutchinson, Edward Prince. Immigrants and Their Children, 1850-1950. New York: Wiley, [1956].
  HUNT REF-1 331.62 H97I

• Immigrants: Publications (United States Immigration and Naturalization Service)
  Includes Annual reports, as well as the Statistical Yearbook of the Immigration and Naturalization Service from 1997-present. Issues of the Yearbook are also available on microfiche in Hunt Library, ASI 6264-2 1980-present. Please ask at the Hunt reference desk for assistance.

• Kuznets, Simon Smith, ed. Population Redistribution and Economic Growth: United States, 1870-1950. 3 vols. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1957-64.
  HUNT REF-1 304.60973 K97P

• Statistics on Immigration to the United States (Close Up Foundation)

• United States. Bureau of the Census. Census of Population (1990). The Foreign-born Population in the United States. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of the Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, 1993.
  HUNT REF-1/CENSUS 304.873 C396 1990

• United States. Bureau of the Census. Population: Internal Migration 1935 to 1940. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1943-1946.
  HUNT REF-1/CENSUS
  • Age of Migrants
  • Color and Sex of Migrants
  • Economic Characteristics of Migrants
  • Social Characteristics of Migrants

• United States Historical Census Data Browser (University of Virginia)

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See also:

African American History

Gender and Minority Studies