80-150 Study Guide

 

  1. argument from design
    1. Hume’s criticisms
  2. Probability
    1. field of sets
    2. event
    3. definition of probability
    4. definition of conditional probability
    5. rule of total probability
    6. number of ways of choosing  m objects from n objects
    7. Bernoulli trials
    8. Bernoulli’s rule
    9. independence
    10. binomial distribution
    11. Bernoulli’s theorem
    12. Laplacian determinism
    13. Bayes rule
    14. Bayes definition of probability
    15. probability distribution over probabilities
    16. Price and Bayes response to Hume’s scepticism

                                                               i.      objections to Bayes response to Hume’s scepticism

    1. expected values
    2. Ramsey’s theory of probability
    3. Ramsey’s theory of rationality
    4. Ramsey’s assumption
    5. Ramsey’s theory of measurement of degrees of belief
    6. dogmatic Bayesian
    7. limitations on convergence to the truth
    8. idealizations made by Bayesianism
    9. Bayesianism and metaphysical scepticism
    10. simple applications

 

  1. Kant
    1. a priori
    2. a posteriori
    3. analytic
    4. synthetic
    5. certainty
    6. incorrigibility
    7. necessity
    8. world-in-itself
    9. pure forms of experience
    10. world of experience
    11. transcendental arguments
    12. theory of geometrical knowledge
    13. idealism
  2. Russell and Carnap
    1. logical construction of world
  3. conventionalism
    1. definition
    2. Poincare and theory of geometrical knowledge
    3. Einstein and theory of simultaneity
    4. Quine’s arguments against conventionalism
  4. historicism and cultural relativism
  5. Kuhn
    1. what scientific revolutions change
    2. conceptual schemes

 

 

 

 

  1. knowledge and reliability
    1. Lewis definition of knowledge
    2. Gettier counterexamples
    3. other candidate conditions for knowledge and objections

                                                               i.      defeasibility,

                                                             ii.      truth of reasons,

                                                            iii.      causal relations,

                                                           iv.      reliability

    1. Nozicks’ theory of knowledge

                                                               i.      objections

1.      knowledge not closed under deduction

2.      too strong conditions

    1. relative frequency
    2. limiting relative frequencies
    3. straight rule of induction

                                                               i.      objections to straight rule of induction

                                                             ii.      alternative rules

    1. Putnam’s criterion
    2. verifiable in the limit
    3. falsifiable in the limit
    4. decidable in the limit
  1. mind and meaning
    1. differences between mental and physical events
    2. Aristotelian view of mental
    3. Cartesian view of mental
    4. reduction
    5. eliminative reduction
    6. theories of personal identity

                                                               i.      soul

                                                             ii.      physical continuity

                                                            iii.      mental continuity

    1. extensional language
    2. intensional language
    3. physicalism

                                                               i.      Martian objection

    1. functionalism
    2. Cartesian fallacy
  1. Computability
    1. Kroneker’s criticism of Cantor
    2. Hilbert’s program
    3. axiomatizeable
    4. consistency
    5. completeness
    6. Godel’s first incompleteness theorem
    7. Godel’s second incompleteness theorem
    8. Turing machines

                                                               i.      definition

                                                             ii.      instantaneous states

                                                            iii.      recognize what simple Turing machines does

                                                           iv.      design simple Turing machine

                                                             v.      finite state controller diagrams

    1. Church’s thesis
    2. characteristic function
    3. recursive function
    4. recursive set
    5. recursively enumerable set
    6. relations between recursive and recursively enumerable
    7. halting problem
    8. finite state machine

                                                               i.      define

                                                             ii.      design

                                                            iii.      recognize

    1. complexity

                                                               i.      c(T,x)

                                                             ii.      W(T,s)

                                                            iii.      computable in polynomial time

                                                           iv.      computable in exponential time

    1. expected compexity
  1. computational concept of mind
    1. objections
  2. Lucas argument
    1. objections
  3. Searle’s Chinese room argument
    1. objections
  4. Putnam’s twin earth argument
    1. objections
  5. frame problem
  6. empirical problems in cognitive science
  7. computational thesis
    1. relevance to Bayesianism
    2. local rationality