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@inproceedings{Blair:2011,
	Abstract = {Interoperability is a fundamental problem in distributed systems, and an increasingly difficult problem given the level of heterogeneity and dynamism exhibited by contemporary systems. While progress has been made, we argue that complexity is now at a level such that existing approaches are inadequate and that a major re-think is required to identify principles and associated techniques to achieve this central property of distributed systems. In this paper, we postulate that emergent middleware is the right way forward; emergent middleware is a dynamically generated distributed system infrastructure for the current operating environment and context. In particular, we focus on the key role of ontologies in supporting this process and in providing underlying meaning and associated reasoning capabilities to allow the right run-time choices to be made. The paper presents the CONNECT middleware architecture as an example of emergent middleware and highlights the role of ontologies as a cross-cutting concern throughout this architecture. Two experiments are described as initial evidence of the potential role of ontologies in middleware. Important remaining challenges are also documented.},
	Author = {Blair, Gordon S. and Bennaceur, Amel and Georgantas, Nikolaos and Grace, Paul and Issarny, Val{\'e}rie and Nundloll, Vatsala and Paolucci, Massimo},
	Booktitle = {12th ACM/IFIP/USENIX International Conference on Middleware},
	Date-Added = {2012-12-20 08:26:10 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-31 14:48:03 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1007/978-3-642-25821-3_21},
	Isbn = {978-3-642-25820-6},
	Pages = {410--430},
	Title = {The role of ontologies in emergent middleware: supporting interoperability in complex distributed systems},
	Year = {2011},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-25821-3_21}}

@inproceedings{Bobba:2009,
	Abstract = {In distributed systems users need the ability to share sensitive content with multiple other recipients based on their ability to satisfy arbitrary policies. One such system is electricity grids where fine- grained sensor data sharing holds the potential for increased reliability and efficiency. However, effective data sharing requires technical solutions that support flexible access policies, for example, sharing more data when the grid is unstable. In such systems, both the messages and policies are sensitive and, therefore, they need to kept be secret. Furthermore, to allow for such a system to be secure and usable in the presence of untrusted object stores and relays it must be resilient in the presence of active adversaries and provide efficient key management. While several of these properties have been studied in the past we address a new problem in the area of policy based encryption in that we develop a solution with all of these capabilities. We develop a Policy and Key Encapsulation Mechanism − Data Encapsulation Mechanism (PKEM-DEM) encryption scheme that is a generic construction secure against adaptive chosen ciphertext attacks and develop a Policy Based Encryption System (PBES) using this scheme that provides these capabilities. We provide an implementation of PBES and measure its performance.},
	Author = {Bobba, Rakesh and Khurana, Himanshu and AlTurki, Musab and Ashraf, Farhana},
	Booktitle = {4th International Symposium on Information, Computer, and Communications Security},
	Date-Added = {2012-12-20 08:26:10 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-20 08:26:10 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1145/1533057.1533093},
	Isbn = {978-1-60558-394-5},
	Pages = {262--275},
	Series = {ASIACCS},
	Title = {PBES: a policy based encryption system with application to data sharing in the power grid},
	Year = {2009},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1533057.1533093}}

@inproceedings{Bromberg:2011,
	Abstract = {Interoperability remains a significant challenge in today's distributed systems; it is necessary to quickly compose and connect (often at runtime) previously developed and deployed systems in order to build more complex systems of systems. However, such systems are characterized by heterogeneity at both the application and middleware-level, where application differences are seen in terms of incompatible interface signatures and data content, and at the middleware level in terms of heterogeneous communication protocols. Consider a Flickr client implemented upon the XML-RPC protocol being composed with Picasa's Service; here, the Flickr and Picasa APIs differ significantly, and the underlying communication protocols are different. A number of ad-hoc solutions exist to resolve differences at either distinct level, e.g., data translation technologies, service choreography tools, or protocol bridges; however, we argue that middleware solutions to interoperability should support developers in addressing these challenges using a unified framework. For this purpose we present the Starlink framework, which allows an interoperability solution to be specified using domain specific languages that are then used to generate the necessary executable software to enable runtime interoperability. We demonstrate the effectiveness of Starlink using an application case-study and show that it successfully resolves combined application and middleware heterogeneity.},
	Author = {Bromberg, Y{\'e}rom-David and Grace, Paul and R{\'e}veillere, Laurent and Blair, Gordon S.},
	Booktitle = {12th ACM/IFIP/USENIX International Conference on Middleware},
	Date-Added = {2012-12-20 08:26:10 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-20 08:26:10 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1007/978-3-642-25821-3_20},
	Isbn = {978-3-642-25820-6},
	Pages = {390--409},
	Title = {Bridging the interoperability gap: overcoming combined application and middleware heterogeneity},
	Year = {2011},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-25821-3_20}}

@inproceedings{Brondum:2010a,
	Abstract = {An important aspect of architectural knowledge is the capture of software relationships [25]. But current definitions [25, 21, 23] do not adequately capture external system relationships [5], and offer no guidance on implicit relation- ships [29]. This leaves architects either unaware of critical relationships or, to 'roll their own' based on aggregations of code-level call structures, resulting in critical architectural gaps and communication problems within Systems of Software intensive Systems (S3) environments [2]. These environments may also restrict the sharing of architectural knowledge due to either legal, or contractual constraints, or overwhelm due to the size and number of involved systems adding to the challenges of identifying and describing the relationships.
This paper presents a novel S3 Architectural Viewpoint consisting of; 1) an extensible taxonomy of relationships (building on existing relationship concepts), 2) a systematic, repeatable technique to detect both immediate and composite relationships, and 3) proposes the Annotated Design Structure Matrix to link S3 views, with existing dependency analysis technique. The goal is an architectural approach for sharing and analysis of architectural knowledge relating to relationships, in an S3 environment. The research is ongoing and validation will be performed through case studies from industry collaborations.},
	Author = {Br{\o}ndum, John and Zhu, Liming},
	Booktitle = {ICSE Workshop on Sharing and Reusing Architectural Knowledge},
	Date-Added = {2012-12-20 08:26:10 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-20 08:26:10 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1145/1833335.1833344},
	Isbn = {978-1-60558-967-1},
	Pages = {60--63},
	Series = {SHARK},
	Title = {Towards an architectural viewpoint for systems of software intensive systems},
	Year = {2010},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1833335.1833344}}

@inproceedings{Chang:2008,
	Abstract = {A GEO Grid framework based on grid technology, remote sensing data, and geographic information developed at National Applied Research Laboratories (NARL), Taiwan is introduced. The presented approach is initiated by synergy of NARL's core competence on environment monitoring and disaster reduction techniques which include high-resolution satellite image processing, virtual reality visualization, grid computing, and disaster mitigation technology along with the advanced cyberinfrastructure environment established within NARL. The framework is constituted by three layers, i.e. application module, service interface, and computing/data/sensor grids. A prototype platform entitled 3D GIS Taiwan constituted by using 2m resolution FORMOSAT-2 data and 5m resolution Digital Terrain Model has been modeled and can be displayed in 3D stereo visualization and in web pages for the island of Taiwan. The presented approach emphasizing on the synergy of multidiscipline with cross-field cooperation for geosciences' application can become a benchmark in echo to implementation of GEOSS.},
	Author = {Guey-Shin Chang and Whey-Fone Tsai and Fang-Pang Lin and Charlie Chang and Te-Lin Chung},
	Booktitle = {9th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Grid Computing},
	Date-Added = {2012-12-20 08:26:10 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-20 08:26:10 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/GRID.2008.4662821},
	Isbn = {978-1-4244-2578-5},
	Pages = {352--357},
	Series = {GRID},
	Title = {A GEO Grid implementation for 3D GIS Taiwan},
	Year = {2008},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/GRID.2008.4662821}}

@inproceedings{Chen:2001,
	Abstract = {The evolution of system-of-systems (SOS) is an emerging challenge and requires systematic architecture capabilities and support. This paper discusses the features of SOS evolution and introduces a key concept, Architecture Evolution Environment, to facilitate the evolution. We argue that an architecture solution for specific evolution requirements can be reached only when its evolution environment is addressed.},
	Author = {Chen, Pin and Han, Jun},
	Booktitle = {4th International Workshop on Principles of Software Evolution},
	Date-Added = {2012-12-20 08:26:10 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-20 08:26:10 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1145/602461.602489},
	Isbn = {1-58113-508-4},
	Pages = {130--133},
	Series = {IWPSE},
	Title = {Facilitating system-of-systems evolution with architecture support},
	Year = {2001},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/602461.602489}}

@inproceedings{Chigani:2007,
	Abstract = {The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the impact of emerging network-centric software systems on the field of software architecture. We first develop an insight concerning the term ``network-centric'' by presenting its origin and its implications within the context of software architecture. On the basis of this insight, we present our definition of a network-centric framework and its distinguishing characteristics. We then enumerate the challenges that face the field of software architecture as software development shifts from a platform-centric to a network-centric model. In order to face these challenges, we propose a formal approach embodied in a new architectural style that supports overcoming these challenges at the architectural level. Finally, we conclude by presenting an illustrative example to demonstrate the usefulness of the concepts of network centricity, summarizing our contributions, and linking our approach to future work that needs to be done in this area.},
	Author = {Chigani, Amine and Arthur, James D.},
	Booktitle = {45th Annual Southeast Regional Conference},
	Date-Added = {2012-12-20 08:26:10 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-20 08:26:10 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1145/1233341.1233355},
	Isbn = {978-1-59593-629-5},
	Pages = {70--75},
	Series = {ACM-SE},
	Title = {The implications of network-centric software systems on software architecture: a critical evaluation},
	Year = {2007},
	Bdsk-File-1 = {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},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1233341.1233355}}

@inproceedings{Clayman:2011,
	Abstract = {In this paper we present a service management platform and an architecture which integrates the features of IoT with the management features of modern autonomic network management, and many service features from the world of Services. We present an architecture for INOX, a robust and adaptable Service Platform for the Internet of Things and Inter-Connected Smart Objects. The platform integrates many of the ideas from Autonomic Network Management and Services and provides the functionality which allows for better use of the sensors, things and the smart objects through enhanced application development, more flexible service deployment, virtualized elements, and better service management. This paper presents the current status of our work on a reference framework for the management and integration of smart objects and virtual networks into such a service platform.},
	Author = {Clayman, Stuart and Galis, Alex},
	Booktitle = {Workshop on Internet of Things and Service Platforms},
	Date-Added = {2012-12-20 08:26:10 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-20 08:26:10 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1145/2079353.2079355},
	Isbn = {978-1-4503-1043-7},
	Pages = {2:1--2:8},
	Series = {IoTSP},
	Title = {INOX: a managed service platform for inter-connected smart objects},
	Year = {2011},
	Bdsk-File-1 = {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},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2079353.2079355}}

@inproceedings{Combs:2002,
	Abstract = {In this paper, we identify an agent-based workflow system to mirror critical elements in large systems architectures. We propose the use of this light-weight agent-based service channel to complement existing systems. By pushing the adaptive smarts into critical application connectors, we believe that we can improve the ability of large systems to self-heal and scale.},
	Author = {Combs, Nathan and Vagle, Jeff},
	Booktitle = {1st Workshop on Self-healing systems},
	Date-Added = {2012-12-20 08:26:10 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-20 08:26:10 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1145/582128.582147},
	Isbn = {1-58113-609-9},
	Pages = {96--98},
	Series = {WOSS},
	Title = {Adaptive mirroring of system of systems architectures},
	Year = {2002},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/582128.582147},
	Bdsk-Url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/582128.582147}}

@inproceedings{Donnelly:2009,
	Abstract = {A System of Systems (SoS) integration approach enables treating real systems and their simulated counterparts as equals. A tiered process provides operational context and increasingly detailed design including threads and interfaces that mix the live and simulation domains. An integration framework provides standard services such as translation, information management, reliable transport, and display capabilities, allowing independent systems to be used in a broader SoS context. Development and use of the framework over several years enabled true bi-directional data flow between domains this year, expanding the SoS context under study. Maturing individual technologies, comparing live and simulated systems, and validating simulation models are among the presented results. Mixed mode experimentation enables the combination of scaling (via simulation in a high- performance computing environment) and operational execution (via live systems in a realistic field environment) not possible otherwise. The resulting insights further PM C4ISR On-The-Move's campaign goals of supporting the deployment of C4ISR technology within a Network Centric Warfare context. Application beyond this organization is at three levels: 1) the use of the process and methods to general LVC/SoS problems, 2) the integration approach itself to bridge domains and enable system interaction, and 3) the resulting ability to mature component technologies.},
	Author = {Donnelly, Robert E.},
	Booktitle = {Spring Simulation Multiconference},
	Date-Added = {2012-12-20 08:26:10 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-20 08:26:10 -0500},
	Series = {SpringSim},
	Title = {Bridging live and simulated domains with a common integration approach},
	Url = {http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1639809.1655396},
	Year = {2009},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1639809.1655396}}

@inproceedings{Doty:2009,
	Annote = {Microsoft has proposed an identity metasystem to standardize identity services and the principles behind them. A location metasystem can support interoperation between location services, protect users' privacy and handle issues of granularity. The simple OAuth protocol may be a good model for working towards a location metasystem.},
	Author = {Doty, Nick},
	Booktitle = {2nd International Workshop on Location and the Web},
	Date-Added = {2012-12-20 08:26:10 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-20 08:26:10 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1145/1507136.1507140},
	Isbn = {978-1-60558-457-7},
	Series = {LOCWEB},
	Title = {The case for a location metasystem},
	Year = {2009},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1507136.1507140}}

@inproceedings{Dryer:2007,
	Abstract = {The Joint Test and Evaluation Methodology (JTEM) joint test & evaluation (JT&E) program is currently developing an enterprise-level Capability Test Methodology (CTM) to deliver high quality joint capability assessments and evaluations across the acquisition life cycle. A key component of the JTEM program approach is the incorporation and refinement of CTM-related Department of Defense Architecture Framework (DoDAF) data models and representations to best support system of systems test evaluation at a joint mission level. To further mature the CTM before applying it to actual test event planning in 2007, the JTEM team has conducted a series of ``rock drills'', or rehearsals, of each process within the overall methodology during 2006. One of the major process anomaly reports (PARs) coming from these rock drills highlights the need for joint mission system of systems (SoS)-level DoDAF products for test plan development. In order to enhance DoDAF's ability to support capability assessments supporting joint missions, JTEM is developing executable product recommendations and extensions for DoDAF 1.5, as well as a capability evaluation metamodel (CEM) to provide DoDAF schema enhancements. These enhanced DoDAF products will better support the CTM's evaluation approach incorporating measurement at system of systems, task, and mission performance levels.},
	Author = {Dryer, David A. and Bock, Thomas and Broschi, Maria and Beach, Timothy D.},
	Booktitle = {Spring Simulation Multiconference},
	Date-Added = {2012-12-20 08:26:10 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-20 08:26:10 -0500},
	Isbn = {1-56555-314-4},
	Pages = {170--176},
	Series = {SpringSim},
	Title = {DoDAF limitations and enhancements for the Capability Test Methodology},
	Url = {http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1404803.1404839},
	Volume = {3},
	Year = {2007},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1404803.1404839}}

@inproceedings{Graham:2010,
	Abstract = {The European Union (EU) Geo-Seas project is building a pan- European e-infrastructure for marine-geoscience data, data products and data services. These are essential for scientific research, economic activities, planning and environmental management in the marine environment. The infrastructure comprises a network of twenty six European marine-geoscience data centres from seventeen coastal countries in Europe.
Geo-Seas supports and promotes the preservation of valuable and unique legacy marine-geoscience data sets. This is done by providing preservation tools, expert advice and training to staff at the data centres.
The Geo-Seas infrastructure and its data portal gives users the ability to locate, assess data quality and acquire harmonised and federated data and data products (including preserved data) from the data centres. New data products and services are being developed following user consultation.
Common management and cataloguing standards have been implemented by the data centres. ISO19115 metadata, OGC and GeoSciML standards have been used as the basis for the metadata profiles to ensure compatibility with other marine environmental metadata profiles (for example, for oceanographic data).
The project conforms with European directives such as INSPIRE, as well as with framework programmes and projects on both the global and European scales, for example, GEOSS, GMES, SeaDataNet, the European Marine Observation and Data Network (EMODNET) and One Geology -- Europe.},
	Author = {Graham, C. and Schaap, D. and Glaves, H.},
	Booktitle = {1st International Digital Preservation Interoperability Framework Symposium},
	Date-Added = {2012-12-20 08:26:10 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-20 08:26:10 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1145/2039263.2039268},
	Isbn = {978-1-4503-0110-7},
	Series = {INTL-DPIF},
	Title = {Geo-Seas e-infrastructure},
	Year = {2010},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2039263.2039268}}

@inproceedings{Holl:2012,
	Abstract = {Large-scale software-intensive systems often consist of multiple heterogeneous and loosely coupled systems, which work together to form a system of systems (SoS). The individual systems often represent configurable units that need be adapted to customer requirements. In such multi product line environments, configuration dependencies between the product lines need to be discovered and enforced. Based on an analysis of the SoSs of our industry partners in the domains of medical systems and industrial automation, we identify several types of configuration dependencies between product lines. In particular, we point out the importance of emerging dependencies, which are not known in advance, but are detected in the course of the configuration process. For handling such emerging dependencies, we developed tool extensions to the DOPLER tool suite that provide support for the distributed configuration of multi product lines by multiple users and that support the inference of dependencies from emerging dependencies by observing user actions. We conducted a preliminary evaluation to assess our tool- supported approach. Our extensible set of dependency types turned out to be suitable for modeling configuration dependencies between product lines in the study system. The evaluation further showed the usefulness of the tool for capturing emerging dependencies by multiple users during distributed configuration.},
	Author = {Holl, Gerald and Thaller, Daniel and Gr\"{u}nbacher, Paul and Elsner, Christoph},
	Booktitle = {6th International Workshop on Variability Modeling of Software-Intensive Systems},
	Date-Added = {2012-12-20 08:26:10 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-22 09:11:29 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1145/2110147.2110148},
	Isbn = {978-1-4503-1058-1},
	Pages = {3--10},
	Series = {VaMoS},
	Title = {Managing emerging configuration dependencies in multi product lines},
	Year = {2012},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2110147.2110148}}

@inproceedings{Hosey:2010,
	Abstract = {Expressing security controls as functional requirements aids in the verification step of security certification and accreditation. Distributed, multi-component systems or systems of systems (SoSs) are difficult to verify because the security controls must be understood in functional terms with respect to their local effects on components, their global effects on the SoS, and their effect on component information exchange. In this paper, we define a process to formulate functional requirements from security controls with SoSs as the target. The process starts by extracting model elements associated with assets, functions, organization variables, and external influences. These models are composed across a set of security controls and normalized to maintain consistency and remove redundancies. We apply the models to SoSs to provide essential details to their specification in functional requirements. The objective is to reduce ambiguity when verifying SoSs as well as minimize recertification efforts when the system or security expectations changes.},
	Author = {Hosey, J. and Gamble, R.},
	Booktitle = {6th Annual Workshop on Cyber Security and Information Intelligence Research},
	Date-Added = {2012-12-20 08:26:10 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-22 09:12:01 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1145/1852666.1852715},
	Isbn = {978-1-4503-0017-9},
	Series = {CSIIRW},
	Title = {Extracting security control requirements},
	Year = {2010},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1852666.1852715}}

@inproceedings{Jha:2001,
	Abstract = {Survivability is the ability of a system to continue operating despite the presence of abnormal events such as failures and intrusions. Ensuring system survivability has increased in importance as critical infrastructures have become heavily dependent on computers. In this paper we present a systematic method for performing survivability analysis of networked systems. An architect injects failure and intrusion events into a system model and then visualizes the effects of the injected events in the form of scenario graphs. Our method enables further global analyses, such as reliability, latency, and cost-benefit analyses, where mathematical techniques used in different domains are combined in a systematic manner. We illustrate our ideas on an abstract model of the United States Payment System.},
	Author = {Jha, Somesh and Wing, Jeannette M.},
	Booktitle = {23rd International Conference on Software Engineering},
	Date-Added = {2012-12-20 08:26:10 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-22 09:12:27 -0500},
	Isbn = {0-7695-1050-7},
	Pages = {307--317},
	Series = {ICSE},
	Title = {Survivability analysis of networked systems},
	Year = {2001},
	Bdsk-File-1 = {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},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=381473.381505}}

@inproceedings{Kirov:2010,
	Abstract = {The paper regards scientific, technical, and organization problems in the crisis management. It is dedicated to а technological implementation of the network-centric approach (NCA) for management of complex heterogeneous systems. The publication presents a software architecture that provides structural methodology and instruments for the integration of separate software applications for crisis management scattered over the national territory in a common information and communication environment.},
	Author = {Kirov, Georgi and Stoyanov, Valentin},
	Booktitle = {11th International Conference on Computer Systems and Technologies and Workshop for PhD Students in Computing},
	Date-Added = {2012-12-20 08:26:10 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-22 09:12:52 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1145/1839379.1839408},
	Isbn = {978-1-4503-0243-2},
	Pages = {161--166},
	Series = {CompSysTech},
	Title = {Network-centric architecture for crisis management system},
	Year = {2010},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1839379.1839408}}

@inproceedings{Klein:2011,
	Abstract = {Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) are controlled complex technical systems. On one hand they do exist and behave in the physical world with their dedicated physical and technical rules. On the other hand they are controlled according to certain policies -- frequently by a ``tandem'' of control systems and human operators. Modern cars, aircrafts, power grids, production lines etc. are typical cyber-physical systems. The unprecedented technology development has enabled these systems to play an increasingly central role in modern societies. However, to ensure the reliability and effectiveness of CPS operations is always a challenging task since they are often heterogeneous, large-scale and very complex for conventional software systems. In this paper we propose a novel rule-based approach combining deductive and reactive rules to specify and describe CPS. Complex Event Processing (CEP) and Event-Condition- Action (ECA) rules are used to detect situations of interest in CPS and issuing (complex) control actions, respectively. This allows us to focus on the ``what'' of CPS control (situation detection, reaction specification) and leaves the ``how'' to a well defined event and action engine. Whereas events are treated in CPS much the same as in other fields actions are quite different because they happen in the real world. We describe an approach to CPS actions which takes these important particularities into account. Another important issue is the integration of physical models into event and action processing. Temporal aspects play a central role here. Our approach enables us to control CPSs under both normal and exceptional conditions in a flexible and efficient way. In order to illustrate the basic features and expressivities of the proposed approach we consider realistic industrial situations.},
	Author = {Klein, Rudiger and Xie, Jingquan and Usov, Andrij},
	Booktitle = {5th ACM International Conference on Distributed Event-Based Systems},
	Date-Added = {2012-12-20 08:26:10 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-22 09:13:06 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1145/2002259.2002265},
	Isbn = {978-1-4503-0423-8},
	Pages = {29--38},
	Series = {DEBS},
	Title = {Complex events and actions to control cyber-physical systems},
	Year = {2011},
	Bdsk-File-1 = {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},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2002259.2002265}}

@inproceedings{Li:2009,
	Abstract = {The current rapid development and deployment of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and their application in mission critical systems are exacerbating the need for high confidence WSNs. Achieving high confidence WSNs will require new assurance technologies. Most current solutions deal with faults and reliability and not with application level semantics and associated assurances. We propose the use of a novel WSN design and assurance mechanism, run time assurance (RTA), to guarantee that important application-level requirements are met in mission critical applications.},
	Author = {Li, Jingyuan and Wu, Yafeng and Kapitanova, Krasimira and Stankovic, John A. and Whitehouse, Kamin and Son, Sang H.},
	Booktitle = {7th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems},
	Date-Added = {2012-12-20 08:26:10 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-22 09:13:24 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1145/1644038.1644105},
	Isbn = {978-1-60558-519-2},
	Pages = {367--368},
	Series = {SenSys},
	Title = {Run time assurance of application-level requirements in wireless sensor networks},
	Year = {2009},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1644038.1644105}}

@inproceedings{Liang:2008,
	Abstract = {Military commands must respond to a variety of situations by quickly assembling and organizing coalition forces consisting of different components from several countries. Dependable interoperability of their C4ISR systems is vital to the success of many military applications where pressing new requirements quickly emerge and undergo rapid change.
In order to achieve dependable interoperability, a reliable infrastructure is critical to incorporating operational components into C4ISR systems. Software architectures and related techniques hold the answer to interoperable, reliable and evolvable C4ISR systems. This paper analyzes the major aspects of dependable interoperability for C4ISR, and presents a Quantitative Interoperating	Model (QIM) for enabling seamless interconnection, effective intercommunication and dependable interoperation between heterogeneous components over the network. Based on the QIM, an approach is synthesized toward Reliable Ada-based Descriptive Architecture (re-ADA) for C4ISR. As an executable architectural framework, re-ADA can directly be mapped into Ada95 code and constructed on the basis of CORBA to support distributed computing over-the-network. In particular, the well-formalized QIM -- through mapping dependability into quantitative attributes that are attached to architectural artifacts -- makes it possible to statically verify quantitative attributes during architectural design, and dynamically monitor them at runtime.},
	Author = {Liang, Sheldon X. and Reibling, Lyle A. and Betts, John},
	Booktitle = {ACM SIGAda Annual International Conference},
	Date-Added = {2012-12-20 08:26:10 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-22 09:13:38 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1145/1454474.1454486},
	Isbn = {978-1-60558-274-0},
	Pages = {39--56},
	Series = {SIGAda},
	Title = {Re-ADA: reliable Ada-based descriptive architecture for C4ISR via a quantitative interoperating model},
	Year = {2008},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1454474.1454486}}

@article{Lin:2008,
	Abstract = {As sensing, wireless communication, and embedded computing technologies evolve, more and more special-purpose cyber physical systems are emerging in our daily lives, such as mobile tracking and health care system, emplaced environmental monitoring systems, and building maintenance control systems. In these systems, heterogeneity is a fundamental research issue. To enable standard communication between these systems, we propose a new communication construct: CPS-IP and a framework combined with it. The goal is to facilitate the creation of systems of systems where there is an integration of myriads of physical data sources, actuators, and computing elements. Different from the Internet Protocol which is designed for a large scale, general-purpose systems, CPS-IP is designed for special- purpose CPS systems built on critical infrastructure which requires global regulation and performance assurance for cyber physical interaction. The novelty of our design is that we address heterogeneity of CPS systems at three different levels: function interoperability, policy regulation, and performance assurance.},
	Author = {Lin, Shan and He, Tian and Stankovic, John A.},
	Date-Added = {2012-12-20 08:26:10 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-20 08:26:10 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1145/1366283.1366305},
	Issn = {1551-3688},
	Journal = {SIGBED Review},
	Month = January,
	Number = {1},
	Title = {CPS-IP: cyber physical systems interconnection protocol},
	Volume = {5},
	Year = {2008},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1366283.1366305}}

@inproceedings{Loiret:2011,
	Abstract = {Systems-of-Systems (SoS) are complex infrastructures, which are characterized by a wide diversity of technologies and requirements imposed by the domain(s) they target. In this context, the software engineering community has been focusing on assisting the developers by providing them domain-specific languages, component-based software engineering frameworks and tools to leverage on the design and the development of such systems. However, the adoption of such approaches often prevents developers from combining several domains, which is a strong requirement in the context of SoS. Furthermore, only little attention has been paid to the definition of a modular toolset and an extensible runtime infrastructure for deploying and executing SoS. In this paper, we therefore propose a reference framework to leverage on the software engineering of SoS. Our reference framework has been validated on the development of two platforms, namely Hulotte and FraSCAti, to demonstrate that the resulting complexity is isolated in the core toolset, while the development of domain-specific extensions is leveraged and simplified by clearly identified abstractions.},
	Author = {Loiret, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric and Rouvoy, Romain and Seinturier, Lionel and Merle, Philippe},
	Booktitle = {14th international ACM Sigsoft Symposium on Component-Based Software Engineering},
	Date-Added = {2012-12-20 08:26:10 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-22 09:07:58 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1145/2000229.2000238},
	Isbn = {978-1-4503-0723-9},
	Pages = {61--66},
	Series = {CBSE},
	Title = {Software engineering of component-based systems-of-systems: a reference framework},
	Year = {2011},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2000229.2000238}}

@inproceedings{Piel:2009,
	Abstract = {Systems of Systems are large-scale information centric component-based systems. Because they can be more easily expressed as an information flow, they are built following the data-flow paradigm. These systems present high availability requirements that make their runtime evolution necessary. This means that integration and system testing will have to be performed at runtime as well. Already existing techniques for runtime integration and testing are usually focused on component-based systems which follow the client-server paradigm, and are not well suited for data-flow systems. In this paper we present virtual components, a way of defining units of data-flow behaviour that greatly simplifies the definition and maintenance of integration tests when the system evolves at runtime. We present and discuss an example of how to use virtual components for this purpose.},
	Author = {Piel, Eric and Gonzalez-Sanchez, Alberto},
	Booktitle = {ESEC/FSE Workshop on Software Integration and Evolution @ Runtime},
	Date-Added = {2012-12-20 08:26:10 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-22 09:14:35 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1145/1596495.1596499},
	Isbn = {978-1-60558-681-6},
	Pages = {3--10},
	Series = {SINTER},
	Title = {Data-flow integration testing adapted to runtime evolution in component-based systems},
	Year = {2009},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1596495.1596499}}

@inproceedings{Robbins:2009,
	Abstract = {Architecture frameworks such as the Department of Defense Architecture Framework (DoDAF) are increasingly being used to design and document a range of capabilities for military organizations. As a more formal and standardized means of documentation and communication, architectures assist in the structuring and linking of the various design and implementation aspects required in addressing a capability. Through their ability to parallel operational and systems aspects, architecture frameworks offer increased traceability; however, as in the software engineering domain, the application of traditional architectures do not remedy the need to translate between the multiple levels of specification, and therefore fail to address the top-down alignment between intent and implementation. Rather, the reduction of ambiguity within the software development process was facilitated by the use of executable architectures and computer-assisted software engineering tools. Similarly, in the domain of modelling and simulation, executable architectures offer a parallel opportunity to streamline the alignment between model specification and simulation. When a capability needs to be investigated, it can be expressed using an architectural framework, which is linked via its execution directly to the application of simulation technologies. Such direct linkage reduces potential ambiguity and error in translating from requirements specification to model to implementation. Consequently, the simulation matches the capability as modelled, while enabling evaluation through facilitating direct feedback.},
	Author = {Robbins, Wayne},
	Booktitle = {Spring Simulation Multiconference},
	Date-Added = {2012-12-20 08:26:10 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-20 08:26:10 -0500},
	Series = {SpringSim},
	Title = {Achieving DoDAF-driven simulations through executable architectures},
	Url = {http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1639809.1639868},
	Year = {2009},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1639809.1639868}}

@inproceedings{Sartipi:2008,
	Abstract = {The growing trends towards integrating legacy applications with new systems in a network-centric environment has introduced yet another level of complexity beyond those we witnessed in development of large monolithic systems. In this context, most research challenges focus on interoperability within the same domain. However, provision of cross-domain interoperability among collaborating domains is a new challenge that needs more attention from the research community. Such interoperability requires data and service extraction to obtain common subsets of information and services in collaborating domains, e.g., healthcare and insurance. The first step in achieving such a large interoperability is to follow similar development processes for collaborating domains, which provides homogeneity in their architectures. The second step would be to provide intra-domain and inter-domain semantic interoperability through proprietary and shared ontology systems. In this paper, we address the above challenges through description of a framework that is based on core information standards and terminology systems and employs a guideline to achieve service interoperability among systems of the collaborating domains. A real- world case study of cross-domain interoperability among two domains healthcare and insurance is presented.},
	Author = {Sartipi, Kamran and Dehmoobad, Azin},
	Booktitle = {10th International Conference on Information Integration and Web-based Applications & Services},
	Date-Added = {2012-12-20 08:26:10 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-22 09:15:06 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1145/1497308.1497318},
	Isbn = {978-1-60558-349-5},
	Pages = {25--32},
	Series = {iiWAS},
	Title = {Cross-domain information and service interoperability},
	Year = {2008},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1497308.1497318}}

@inproceedings{Squair:2006,
	Abstract = {Integrating modern aircraft stores, particularly weapons, creates a complex system of systems challenge. The traditional approach to such integrations was for each to be a stand-alone program. For each program a unique interface would usually be implemented, usually also with a set of unique problems, such as the missile `ghosting' problems experienced during the F-16 to AMRAAM integration (Ward 1993). In response to the problems of such an approach MIL-STD-1760 an Interface Standard for Aircraft to Store Electrical Interconnection System was released by the US DoD to standardise aircraft/store interfaces. This paper discusses the advantages and limitations of the architectural techniques of MIL-STD-1760. A hierarchical method for integrating the use of the standard into a safety case is also described.},
	Author = {Squair, Matthew John},
	Booktitle = {11th Australian Workshop on Safety Critical Systems and Software},
	Date-Added = {2012-12-20 08:26:10 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-20 08:26:10 -0500},
	Isbn = {1-920-68250-3},
	Pages = {93--112},
	Series = {SCS},
	Title = {Safety, software architecture and MIL-STD-1760},
	Url = {http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1274236.1274247},
	Volume = {69},
	Year = {2006},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1274236.1274247}}

@inproceedings{Tolk:2004,
	Abstract = {The application of the Extensible Mark-up Language (XML) enabled a new level of interoperability for heterogeneous IT systems. However, although XML enables separation of data definition and data content, it doesn't ensure that data exchanged is interpreted correctly by the receiving system. This motivates data management to support unambiguous definition of data elements for information exchange. Using a common reference model improves this process leading to "model based data management (MBDM)." The results can be used immediately to configure mediation layers integrating services into an overall service oriented architecture. For XML based services, the results of MBDM can be immediately applied in form of an auto-generated XSLT definition used to compose the service without additional modifications with other services. The paper uses the Command and Control Information Exchange Data Model (C2IEDM) -- as an example for a common reference model for information exchange -- and its potential use in the Global Information Grid (GIG) -- as the military example for a service oriented architecture -- to integrate web-enabled M&S applications as an example for applying this method.},
	Acmid = {1162006},
	Author = {Tolk, Andreas},
	Booktitle = {36th Winter Simulation Conference},
	Date-Added = {2012-12-20 08:26:10 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-20 08:26:10 -0500},
	Isbn = {0-7803-8786-4},
	Location = {Washington, D.C.},
	Numpages = {9},
	Pages = {1476--1484},
	Series = {WSC},
	Title = {XML mediation services utilizing model based data management},
	Url = {http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1161734.1162006},
	Year = {2004},
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@inproceedings{Tolk:2007b,
	Abstract = {Current standards for interoperability and composability focus on mandating a common information exchange data model. The Levels of Conceptual Interoperability Model (LCIM) shows that this is not sufficient. A second challenge is that the mapping between system-internal representations to the information exchange data model is left to system developers leading to misinterpretations and ambiguous information exchange. Model-based Data Engineering (MBDE) replaces this with an engineering process. Both ideas together motivate the hypothesis that self- organizing information exchange is possible if the system interfaces and behaviors are captured in machine- understandable meta-information.},
	Author = {Tolk, Andreas and Diallo, Saikou Y. and Turnitsa, Charles D.},
	Booktitle = {Summer Computer Simulation Conference},
	Date-Added = {2012-12-20 08:26:10 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-20 08:26:10 -0500},
	Isbn = {1-56555-316-0},
	Pages = {1112--1119},
	Series = {SCSC},
	Title = {Model-based data engineering: preparing a paradigm shift towards self-organizing information exchange},
	Url = {http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1357910.1358084},
	Year = {2007},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1357910.1358084}}

@inproceedings{Tolk:2008,
	Abstract = {Conceptual models capture information that is crucial for composability of legacy solutions that is not formally captured in the derived technical artifacts. It is necessary to make this information available for the selection (or elimination) of available solutions, their orchestration, and their execution. Current standards barely address this class of problems. The approach presented in this paper is the first step towards self-organizing federation languages. The system interfaces are described in form of exchangeable data. The context of information exchange (syntax, semantics, and pragmatics) is captured as metadata. These metadata are used to identify the elements of a formal federation language that links model composability and simulation interoperability based on conceptual model elements. The paper describes the formal process of selection, orchestration, and execution and the underlying mathematics for the information exchange specifications that bridge conceptual and engineering levels of the federation process.},
	Acmid = {1516917},
	Author = {Tolk, Andreas and Diallo, Saikou Y and Turnitsa, Charles D},
	Booktitle = {40th Winter Simulation Conference},
	Date-Added = {2012-12-20 08:26:10 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-20 08:26:10 -0500},
	Isbn = {978-1-4244-2708-6},
	Location = {Miami, Florida},
	Numpages = {9},
	Pages = {966--974},
	Series = {WSC},
	Title = {Mathematical models towards self-organizing formal federation languages based on conceptual models of information exchange capabilities},
	Url = {http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1516744.1516917},
	Year = {2008},
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@inproceedings{Trivellato:2011,
	Abstract = {Systems of Systems (SoS) are dynamic, distributed coalitions of autonomous and heterogeneous systems that collaborate to achieve a common goal. While offering several advantages in terms of scalability and flexibility, the SoS paradigm has a strong impact on system interoperability and on the security requirements of collaborating parties. In this demo we present a prototype implementation of POLIPO, a security framework that combines context-aware access control with trust management and ontology-based services to protect information in SoS.},
	Author = {Trivellato, Daniel and Zannone, Nicola and Etalle, Sandro},
	Booktitle = {18th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security},
	Date-Added = {2012-12-20 08:26:10 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-22 09:15:35 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1145/2046707.2093513},
	Isbn = {978-1-4503-0948-6},
	Pages = {865--868},
	Series = {CCS},
	Title = {Poster: protecting information in systems of systems},
	Year = {2011},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2046707.2093513}}

@inproceedings{Tu:2011,
	Abstract = {This paper aims at improving the re-implementation of existing information systems when they are reused in a system of systems, i.e. a federation of enterprise information systems that interoperate. The idea is adapting the local experiences, coming from the development of the original information system, to be part of a HLA process, thanks to Model Discovery and Ontological approach. This paper will propose a new bi-directional development life cycle. In the first way, MDA (Model Driven Architecture) and HLA FEDEP (Federation Development and Execution Process) will be harmonized to implement distributed information systems from enterprise models. Conversely, model discovery will be used to help re-implement existing systems, in order to be interoperable without being fully reconstructed. Then, according to HLA 1516 evolved new features, this paper will propose a solution based on an open source RTI, PORTICO, to implement web enable federates.},
	Author = {Tu, Zhiying and Zacharewicz, Gregory and Chen, David},
	Booktitle = {Symposium on Theory of Modeling & Simulation: DEVS Integrative M&S Symposium},
	Date-Added = {2012-12-20 08:26:10 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-22 09:15:48 -0500},
	Pages = {51--58},
	Series = {TMS-DEVS},
	Title = {Harmonized and reversible development framework for HLA based interoperable application},
	Url = {http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2048476.2048482},
	Year = {2011},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2048476.2048482}}

@inproceedings{Veelen:2006,
	Abstract = {In this paper we present a distributed hierarchical system management concept for dynamic collaboration systems. Dynamic collaboration systems are composed of platforms containing resources; the platforms join forces to achieve a common mission. The automated system management concept discussed here is called the Self-Managing Distributed Systems (SMDS) concept. The SMDS concept distinguishes four segments of management: the Planning Segment, the Instantiation Segment, the Monitoring Segment and the Federation Segment. In this paper we will introduce these four segments, explain the functionality in each segment and how the segments interact. Furthermore, we will compare this SMDS concept with a service oriented approach.},
	Author = {van Veelen, J. B.},
	Booktitle = {International Workshop on Self-adaptation and Self-Managing Systems},
	Date-Added = {2012-12-20 08:26:10 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-22 09:16:04 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1145/1137677.1137689},
	Isbn = {1-59593-403-0},
	Pages = {58--64},
	Series = {SEAMS},
	Title = {SMDS: a top-down approach to self-management for dynamic collaboration systems},
	Year = {2006},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1137677.1137689}}

@inproceedings{Yilmaz:2006,
	Abstract = {Complex software intensive simulation systems must respond to changing technology, environments, and requirements. Hence, dynamic extensibility and adaptability is a significant concern in an application domain. However, existing interoperability and composability solutions are limited in dealing with (1) dynamically evolving content needs of existing simulations and (2) run-time inclusion of new components into a simulation system. Simulations that are dynamically extensible, while being interoperable require principled designs that facilitate engineering extensibility, interoperability, and composability in the first place. We propose and examine the utility of a strategy based on an agent-mediated meta-simulation architecture.},
	Acmid = {1218309},
	Author = {Yilmaz, Levent and Tolk, Andreas},
	Booktitle = {38th Winter Simulation Conference},
	Date-Added = {2012-12-20 08:26:10 -0500},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-20 08:26:10 -0500},
	Isbn = {1-4244-0501-7},
	Location = {Monterey, California},
	Numpages = {108},
	Pages = {1075--1182},
	Publisher = {Winter Simulation Conference},
	Series = {WSC},
	Title = {Engineering ab initio dynamic interoperability and composability via agent-mediated introspective simulation},
	Url = {http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1218112.1218309},
	Year = {2006},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1218112.1218309}}

@article{Morganwalp:2003,
	Abstract = {Today, many organizations are concerned with how to successfully transition to an organization utilizing information technology to its fullest strategic extent. The organization\&{\#}x0092;s enterprise architecture plays a key role in this transition. Enterprise architectures are typically comprised of many components and can be very complex. All of these components must be integrated well for the organization to easily evolve and successfully adapt to the frequent technology and business changes that occur. An Enterprise Architecture Framework (EAF) can significantly aid development of an adaptable enterprise architecture. When developing an enterprise architecture, the major areas of focus should be stakeholders\&{\#}x0092; perspectives, contextual awareness interrogatives by which these perspectives are expressed, and System of Systems (SOS) hierarchical levels. This research has led to the identification of an enterprise architectural framework for a complex system of systems. It identifies an enterprise architecture framework and an Architecture Development Process (ADP) to engineer an effective, flexible enterprise architecture. The resulting three-dimensional enterprise architecture framework incorporates hierarchical levels of the system of systems that characterize the enterprise as well as the perspectives of all stakeholders, including such external ones as customers and partners, and contextual awareness interrogatives. The resultant enterprise architecture framework explicitly addresses the complexity of systems and the high degree of integration needed across system of systems levels. Measures of effectiveness for the enterprise architecture framework, architecture development process, and the resulting architecture are briefly discussed as well as an empirical evaluation. The results of the evaluation suggest that use of both the framework and the architecture development process are beneficial.},
	Author = {Jill Morganwalp and Andrew P. Sage},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-10-30 15:05:00 -0400},
	Journal = {Information, Knowledge, Systems Management},
	Month = {January},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {87-105},
	Title = {A System of Systems Focused Enterprise Architecture Framework and an Associated Architecture Development Process},
	Url = {http://iospress.metapress.com/content/G15QM6RBN50UWDLW},
	Volume = {3},
	Year = {2003},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://iospress.metapress.com/content/G15QM6RBN50UWDLW}}

@article{Tien:2009,
	Abstract = {Engineering has and will continue to have a critical impact on healthcare; the application of technology-based techniques to biological problems can be defined to be technobiology applications. This paper is primarily focused on applying the technobiology approach of systems engineering to the development of a healthcare service system that is both integrated and adaptive. In general, healthcare services are carried out with knowledge-intensive agents or components which work together as providers and consumers to create or co-produce value. Indeed, the engineering design of a healthcare system must recognize the fact that it is actually a complex integration of human-centered activities that is increasingly dependent on information technology and knowledge. Like any service system, healthcare can be considered to be a combination or recombination of three essential components --people (characterized by behaviors, values, knowledge, etc.), processes (characterized by collaboration, customization, etc.) and products (characterized by software, hardware, infrastructures, etc.). Thus, a healthcare system is an integrated and adaptive set of people, processes and products. It is, in essence, a system of systems which objectives are to enhance its efficiency (leading to greater interdependency) and effectiveness (leading to improved health). Integration occurs over the physical, temporal, organizational and functional dimensions, while adaptation occurs over the monitoring, feedback, cybernetic and learning dimensions. In sum, such service systems as healthcare are indeed complex, especially due to the uncertainties associated with the human-centered aspects of these systems. Moreover, the system complexities can only be dealt with methods that enhance system integration and adaptation.},
	Author = {Tien, James M. and Goldschmidt-Clermont, Pascal J.},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-05 20:57:52 -0500},
	Doi = {10.3233/IKS-2009-0143},
	Journal = {Information, Knowledge, Systems Management},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {277-297},
	Title = {Engineering healthcare as a service system},
	Url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/IKS-2009-0143},
	Volume = {8},
	Year = {2009},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/IKS-2009-0143}}

@article{Sage:2001a,
	Abstract = {This paper is concerned with the engineering of systems that are themselves comprised of other component systems, and where each of the component systems serves organizational and human purposes.~~These component purposes may be locally managed and optimized independently, or nearly so, of the objectives to be met by the composite system.~~There are a number of inherent characteristics of these systems, and such related terms as systems of systems (SOS) or federations of systems (FOS) or federated systems of systems (F-SOS) are often used to characterize them.~~It is asserted that the resultant systems generally possess the characteristics of complex adaptive systems.~~We provide an overview of the literature describing these engineering efforts and provide plausible strategies for systems engineering and management of SOS and FOS that are based on the principles of a \&{\#}147;new federalism\&{\#}148;.~~Finally, the implications of these plausible SOS and FOS systems engineering and management concepts are discussed with emphasis on evolutionary acquisition in the style of DoD and Intelligence Community related programs.},
	Author = {Andrew P. Sage and Christopher D. Cuppan},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-05 11:34:31 -0500},
	Journal = {Information, Knowledge, Systems Management},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {325-345},
	Title = {On the Systems Engineering and Management of Systems of Systems and Federations of Systems},
	Url = {http://iospress.metapress.com/content/WX6B5WFT80K8P9A2},
	Volume = {2},
	Year = {2001},
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@inproceedings{Caffall:2004,
	Abstract = {In a system-of-systems, the number of possible combinations of interactions among the systems is theoretically infinite. System "unravelings" have an intelligence of their own as they expose hidden connections, neutralize redundancies, and exploit chance circumstances for which no system engineer might plan. In this paper, we propose a new paradigm for system-of-systems design. Rather than decompose each system within the system-of-systems in a functional fashion, we treat the system-of-systems as a single entity that is comprised of abstract classes. We demonstrate how our paradigm can be used to both avoid the introduction of accidental complexity and control essential complexity by applying object-oriented concepts of decentralized control flow, minimal messaging between classes, implicit case analysis, and information hiding mechanisms. We argue that our paradigm can aid in the creation of sound designs for the system-of-systems in contrast to creating a federation of systems through a highly coupled communication medium},
	Author = {Caffall, D.S. and Michael, J.B.},
	Booktitle = {9th International Workshop on Radical Innovations of Software and Systems Engineering in the Future (LNCS 2941)},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-06 10:51:25 -0500},
	Pages = {108 - 121},
	Series = {RISSEF},
	Title = {A new paradigm for requirements specification and analysis of system-of-systems},
	Year = {2004},
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@inproceedings{Dobrica:2008,
	Abstract = {The content of this paper addresses the issues regarding the reference architecture design for different domains in the context of a system of systems that is specific to today's embedded systems. The reference architecture contains core services of the domains included in abstract features package. The appropriate architectural style is provided by a knowledge base through service taxonomy. Services, commonality, variability management and rules for product derivation and configuration are the main issues considered in the architectural design process. Our contribution is the integrated vision based on our experiences and studies of the recent publications.},
	Author = {Dobrica, L. and Niemela, E.},
	Booktitle = {International Conference on Software Engineering Research & Practice},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-06 11:07:14 -0500},
	Pages = {287 - 93},
	Title = {An approach to reference architecture design for different domains of embedded systems},
	Volume = {1},
	Year = {2008},
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@article{Huynh:2009,
	Abstract = {In this work we solve the problem of architecting a conceptual, cost-effective, near-term system of systems (SoS) to respond to terrorist threats to the United States emanating from the maritime domain. The threats include a weapon of mass destruction smuggled on a container ship, a commandeered ship used as a weapon, and small boats used by terrorists to attack maritime commerce traffic and critical shore infrastructures. We formulate the problem as an assignment problem, which is then solved using the orthogonal array experiment. The optimality of the resulting SoS architecture is validated against a heuristically developed architecture and an optimal effective, but not necessarily cost-effective, architecture obtained also with the orthogonal array experiment approach. The principal results of the orthogonal array experiment method reported herein underline this successful exploratory work in architecting an SoS. This method can be extended to architecting of other systems of systems.},
	Author = {Huynh, T. and Connett, B. and Chiu-Rourman, J. and Davis, J. and Kessler, A. and Oravec, J. and Schewfelt, M. and Wark, S.},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-20 08:12:02 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1111/j.1559-3584.2009.01142.x},
	Issn = {0028-1425},
	Journal = {Naval Engineering Journal},
	Month = {March},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {3 - 25},
	Title = {Architecting a System of Systems Responding to Maritime Domain Terrorism by Orthogonal Array Experiment},
	Volume = {121},
	Year = {2009},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-3584.2009.01142.x}}

@inproceedings{Han:2002,
	Abstract = {Support is required to cope with the increasing demands and challenges of system evolution in large organizations. The support needs to come from not only new technology platforms or design solutions but also capabilities to deal with systems knowledge in all aspects of existing system architectures. We introduce a key concept, architecture evolution environment, as a basis to develop architecture capabilities enabling the evolution of a system-of-systems (SOS). This environment maintains the architecture information of individual systems, and supports the integration and evolution of systems in the context of the system-of-systems. In particular, architecture interfaces are introduced to effectively facilitate system composition},
	Author = {Han, J. and Chen, P.},
	Booktitle = {1st International Conference on Engineering and Deployment of Cooperative Information Systems (LNCS 2480)},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-31 15:14:50 -0500},
	Pages = {332-346},
	Series = {EDCIS},
	Title = {Architecture support for system-of-systems evolution},
	Year = {2002},
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@inproceedings{Chen:2005a,
	Abstract = {Interoperability resulted from various evolutions occurring in a modern networked enterprise, or systems-of-systems (SoS) is a goal for an organisation to maintain a sustained, sustainable and controlled SoS evolution. A common issue facing networked enterprises in these evolutions is how to systematically manage and effectively achieve desired interoperability meeting new requirements of business and technologies. This paper presents an understanding of challenges in dealing with interoperability in evolutions of networked enterprises or SoS, and discusses an architecture-based approach to interoperability evaluation in various evolutions of networked enterprises},
	Author = {Chen, P.},
	Booktitle = {International Workshops on Business Process Management Workshops (LNCS 3812)},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-06 10:56:10 -0500},
	Pages = {293 - 304},
	Series = {BPM},
	Title = {Architecture-based interoperability evaluation in evolutions of networked enterprises},
	Year = {2005},
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@inproceedings{Ermagan:2006,
	Abstract = {Failure management is key to the development of safety-critical, distributed, reactive systems common in such applications as avionics, automotive, and sensor/actuator networks. Specific challenges to effective failure management include (i) developing an understanding of the application domain so as to define what constitutes a failure; (ii) disentangling failure management concepts at design and runtime; and (iii) detecting and mitigating failures at the level of systems-of-systems integration. In this paper, we address (i) and (ii) by developing a failure ontology for logical and deployment architectures, respectively, including a mapping between the two. This ontology is based on the interaction patterns (or services) defining the component interplay in a distributed system. We address (iii) by defining detectors and mitigators at the service/interaction level - we discuss how to derive detectors for a significant subset of the failure ontology directly from the interaction patterns. We demonstrate the utility of our techniques using a large scale oceanographic sensor/actuator network.},
	Author = {Ermagan, V. and Kruger, I. and Menarini, M.},
	Booktitle = {13th Monterey Workshop (LNCS 4888)},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-10 09:32:32 -0500},
	Pages = {53 - 74},
	Title = {Model-based failure management for distributed reactive systems},
	Year = {2006},
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@article{Bay:2002,
	Abstract = {The network-centric "system-of-systems" concept popular in current defense programs has been viewed from a very functional perspective. However, the heart of such a system is going to be an embedded software infrastructure of unprecedented complexity, and the technology for developing and testing this software needs as much if not more immediate attention than the concept of operations for the envisioned applications. Such an embedded software system will need to be infinitely scalable, modular, verifiable, and distributed, yet satisfy the myriad hard real-time performance constraints imposed by each of perhaps many different device types and service demands. It is suggested here that the only path to a robust design methodology for such systems is with model-based design. Model-based embedded system design is the focus of the model-based integration of embedded software (MoBIES) program, currently underway at the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), managed by the author. This paper will motivate the model-based approach to large-scale embedded software design and explain how projects funded under MoBIES are contributing to the development of interoperable model-based design tool components. An application for such technology is provided in the context of digital flight control systems for aggressive aircraft maneuvers, which is the subject of another DARPA sponsored program, software-enabled control (SEC)},
	Author = {Bay, J.S.},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-06 10:41:51 -0500},
	Issn = {0277-786X},
	Journal = {Proc. SPIE},
	Month = {August},
	Pages = {36 - 45},
	Title = {Recent advances in the design of distributed embedded systems},
	Url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.478733},
	Volume = {4741},
	Year = {2002},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.478733}}

@inproceedings{Farcas:2008,
	Abstract = {Ultra-Large Scale Software-Intensive Systems (ULSSIS) are integrated networks of capabilities that serve large communities of stakeholders and have a broad spectrum of crosscutting concerns. The added value of an ULSSIS emerges from the interplay of a set of constituent systems, both existing and emerging systems. We see the systems-of-systems integration challenge as a major concern for ULSSIS. System integration has to address systematic and seamless composition of services, consider upfront crosscutting concerns such as policy and security, assure system dependability and quality of service, and show agility to deal with changes in the requirements and the environment in which the ULSSIS operates. In this paper, we present some of the challenges for service composition, propose an architectural style for addressing them, and discuss the experience gain in designing an ULSSIS, namely the infrastructure for ocean observatories.},
	Author = {Farcas, C. and Farcas, E. and Kruger, I.},
	Booktitle = {15th Monterey Workshop (LNCS 6028)},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-10 09:33:29 -0500},
	Pages = {93 - 115},
	Title = {Requirements for Service Composition in Ultra-Large Scale Software-Intensive Systems},
	Year = {2008},
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@inproceedings{Romero:2010,
	Abstract = {More and more home devices are equipped with advanced computational capabilities to improve the user satisfaction (e.g., programmable heating system, Internet TV). Although these devices exhibit communication capabilities, their integration into a larger home monitoring system remains a challenging task, partly due to the strong heterogeneity of technologies and protocols. In this paper, we therefore propose to reconsider the architecture of home monitoring systems by focusing on data and events that are produced and triggered by home devices. In particular, our middleware platform, named DlGlHOME, applies i) the REST (REpresentational State Transfer) architectural style to leverage on the integration of multi-scale systems-of-systems (from Wireless Sensor Networks to the Internet) and ii) a CEP (Complex Event Processing) engine to collect information from heterogeneous sources and detect application-specific situations. The benefits of the DlGlHOME platform are demonstrated on smart home scenarios covering home automation, emergency detection, and energy saving situations.},
	Author = {Romero, D. and Hermosillo, G. and Taherkordi, A. and Nzekwa, R. and Rouvoy, R. and Eliassen, F.},
	Booktitle = {Proceedings 10th IFIP WG 6.1 International Conference on Distributed Applications and Interoperable Systems (LNCS 6115)},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-10 09:44:20 -0500},
	Pages = {1 - 14},
	Series = {DAIS},
	Title = {RESTful Integration of Heterogeneous Devices in Pervasive Environments},
	Year = {2010},
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@article{Parekh:2006,
	Abstract = {Autonomic computing - self-configuring, self-healing, self-managing applications, systems and networks - is a promising solution to ever-increasing system complexity and the spiraling costs of human management as systems scale to global proportions. Most results to date, however, suggest ways to architect new software designed from the ground up as autonomic systems, whereas in the real world organizations continue to use stovepipe legacy systems and/or build "systems of systems" that draw from a gamut of disparate technologies from numerous vendors. Our goal is to retrofit autonomic computing onto such systems, externally, without any need to understand, modify or even recompile the target system's code. We present an autonomic infrastructure that operates similarly to active middleware, to explicitly add autonomic services to pre-existing systems via continual monitoring and a feedback loop that performs reconfiguration and/or repair as needed. Our lightweight design and separation of concerns enables easy adoption of individual components for use with a variety of target systems, independent of the rest of the full infrastructure. This work has been validated by several case studies spanning multiple real-world application domains},
	Author = {Parekh, J. and Kaiser, G. and Gross, P. and Valetto, G.},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-05 10:20:06 -0500},
	Journal = {Cluster Computing},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {141 - 159},
	Title = {Retrofitting autonomic capabilities onto legacy systems},
	Url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10586-006-7560-6},
	Volume = {9},
	Year = {2006},
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@inproceedings{Zhu:2008,
	Abstract = {As software systems become larger and more decentralized, increasingly cross organizational boundaries and continue to change, traditional structural and prescriptive software architectures are becoming more rule-centric for better accommodating changes and regulating distributed design and development processes. This is particularly true for Ultra-Large-Scale (ULS) systems and industry-wide reference architectures. However, existing architecture design and evaluation processes have mainly been designed for structural architecture and do not scale up to large and complex system of systems. In this paper, we propose a new software architecture evaluation process - Evaluation Process for Rule-centric Architecture (EPRA). EPRA reuses and tailors existing proven architecture analysis process components and scales up to complex software-intensive system of systems. We exemplify EPRA's use in an architecture evaluation exercise for a rule-centric industry reference architecture.},
	Author = {Liming Zhu and Staples, M. and Jeffery, R.},
	Booktitle = {International Conference on Software Process (LNCS 5007)},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-10 09:47:54 -0500},
	Pages = {112 - 22},
	Series = {ICSP},
	Title = {Scaling up software architecture evaluation processes},
	Year = {2008},
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@inproceedings{Ravenhill:1998,
	Abstract = {This paper is concerned with the application of the reference model for open distributed processing (RM-ODP) and similar techniques to the specification of ATM Systems. Of particular current interest is the development of the proposed European Air Traffic Management System (EATMS), which should be considered as a `system of systems'. RM-ODP is a framework which offers a terminology which may be used to ensure a consistent approach is adopted by all the parties interested in the analysis, design and implementation of large systems. It offers an excellent starting point for the specification of distributed systems},
	Author = {Ravenhill, P.J.},
	Booktitle = {IEE Colloquium on Systems Engineering of Aerospace Projects (Digest No.1998/249)},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-05 10:48:25 -0500},
	Title = {Specification of ATM systems - experiences of RM-ODP},
	Year = {1998},
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@article{DeLaurentis:2011,
	Abstract = {The phrase system of systems has been in use for well over 10 years. As customers of the aerospace and defense industries began asking for broad capabilities rather than for single systems to meet specific requirements, the notion of a system composed of multiple independently operating systems has become more important as the way to meet the desired set of capabilities. This brings new challenges to system or systems-of-systems engineers and their ability to design and analyze alternatives for systems of systems. Because individual systems can operate independently within a system of systems, many engineering methods and tools used to design and analyze large-scale, but monolithic, systems do not appear to work for systems of systems. This paper presents a three-axis taxonomy that can guide design method development and analysis of alternatives for aeronautical systems of systems. Based on this perspective, two experiments in applying the methods are presented for system-of-systems problems that involve aircraft and/or air transportation.},
	Author = {DeLaurentis, D.A. and Crossley, W.A. and Mane, M.},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-06 11:04:27 -0500},
	Doi = {10.2514/1.C031008},
	Issn = {0021-8669},
	Journal = {Journal of Aircraft},
	Month = {May-June},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {760 - 770},
	Title = {Taxonomy to Guide Systems-of-systems Decision-making in Air Transportation Problems},
	Volume = {48},
	Year = {2011},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.C031008}}

@article{Schumacher:2010,
	Abstract = {The Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) is a project envisioned as a system of systems with demanding science, technical, and operational requirements, that must perform as a fully integrated unit. The design and implementation of such a system poses big engineering challenges when performing requirements analysis, detailed interface definitions, operational modes and control strategy studies. The OMG System Modeling Language (SysML) has been selected as the framework for the systems engineering analysis and documentation for the LSST. Models for the overall system architecture and different observatory subsystems have been built describing requirements, structure, interfaces and behavior. In this paper we show the models for the Observatory Control System (OCS) and the Telescope Control System (TCS), and how this methodology has helped in the clarification of the design and requirements. In one common language, the relationships of the OCS, TCS, Camera and Data management subsystems are captured with models of the structure, behavior, requirements and the traceability between them.},
	Author = {Schumacher, G. and Delgado, F.},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-05 20:00:13 -0500},
	Issn = {0277-786X},
	Journal = {Proc. SPIE},
	Month = {August},
	Pages = {77381E-8},
	Title = {The Large Synoptic Survey Telescope OCS and TCS Models},
	Url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.857379},
	Volume = {7738},
	Year = {2010},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.857379}}

@article{Curtis:2010,
	Abstract = {In order to anticipate the constantly changing landscape of global warfare, the United States Air Force must acquire new capabilities in the field of Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR). To meet this challenge, the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) is developing a unifying construct of "Layered Sensing" which will provide military decision-makers at all levels with the timely, actionable, and trusted information necessary for complete battlespace awareness. Layered Sensing is characterized by the appropriate combination of sensors and platforms (including those for persistent sensing), infrastructure, and exploitation capabilities to enable this synergistic awareness. To achieve the Layered Sensing vision, AFRL is pursuing a Modeling & Simulation (M&S) strategy through the Layered Sensing Operations Center (LSOC). An experimental ISR system-of-systems test-bed, the LSOC integrates DoD standard simulation tools with commercial, off-the-shelf video game technology for rapid scenario development and visualization. These tools will help facilitate sensor management performance characterization, system development, and operator behavioral analysis. Flexible and cost-effective, the LSOC will implement a non-proprietary, open-architecture framework with well-defined interfaces. This framework will incentivize the transition of current ISR performance models to service-oriented software design for maximum re-use and consistency. This paper will present the LSOC's development and implementation thus far as well as a summary of lessons learned and future plans for the LSOC.},
	Author = {Curtis, C. and Lenzo, M. and McClure, M. and Preiss, B.},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-06 11:02:30 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1117/12.849544},
	Issn = {0277-786X},
	Journal = {Proc. SPIE},
	Month = {May},
	Title = {The layered sensing operations center: a modeling and simulation approach to developing complex ISR networks},
	Volume = {7694},
	Year = {2010},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.849544}}

@inproceedings{Hall-May:2006,
	Abstract = {A safety policy defines the set of rules that governs the safe interaction of agents operating together as part of a system of systems (SoS). Agent autonomy can give rise to unpredictable, and potentially undesirable, emergent behaviour. Deriving rules of safety policy requires an understanding of the capabilities of an agent as well as how its actions affect the environment and consequently the actions of others. Methods for multi-agent system design can aid in this understanding. Such approaches mention organisational rules. However, there is little discussion about how they are derived. This paper proposes modelling systems according to three viewpoints: an agent viewpoint, a causal viewpoint and a domain viewpoint. The agent viewpoint captures system capabilities and inter-relationships. The causal viewpoint describes the effect an agent's actions have on its environment as well as inter-agent influences. The domain viewpoint models assumed properties of the operating environment},
	Author = {Hall-May, M. and Kelly, T.},
	Booktitle = {25th International Conference on Computer Safety Reliability, and Security (LNCS 4166)},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-20 08:10:17 -0500},
	Pages = {330-343},
	Series = {SAFECOMP},
	Title = {Using agent-based modelling approaches to support the development of safety policy for systems of systems},
	Year = {2006},
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@article{Claver:2010,
	Abstract = {The Large Synoptic Survey Telescope is a complex hardware - software system of systems, making up a highly automated observatory in the form of an 8.4m wide-field telescope, a 3.2 billion pixel camera, and a peta-scale data processing and archiving system. As a project, the LSST is using model based systems engineering (MBSE) methodology for developing the overall system architecture coded with the Systems Modeling Language (SysML). With SysML we use a recursive process to establish three-fold relationships between requirements, logical & physical structural component definitions, and overall behavior (activities and sequences) at successively deeper levels of abstraction and detail. Using this process we have analyzed and refined the LSST system design, ensuring the consistency and completeness of the full set of requirements and their match to associated system structure and behavior. As the recursion process proceeds to deeper levels we derive more detailed requirements and specifications, and ensure their traceability. We also expose, define, and specify critical system interfaces, physical and information flows, and clarify the logic and control flows governing system behavior. The resulting integrated model database is used to generate documentation and specifications and will evolve to support activities from construction through final integration, test, and commissioning, serving as a living representation of the LSST as designed and built. We discuss the methodology and present several examples of its application to specific systems engineering challenges in the LSST design.},
	Author = {Claver, C.F. and Dubois-Felsmann, G. and Delgado, F. and Hascall, P. and Marshall, S. and Nordby, M. and Schalk, T. and Schumacher, G. and Sebag, J.},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-06 10:58:59 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1117/12.857227},
	Journal = {Proc. SPIE},
	Month = {June},
	Title = {Using SysML for MBSE analysis of the LSST system},
	Volume = {7738},
	Year = {2010},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.857227}}

@article{Lukasik:2003,
	Abstract = {The generic product of engineering is a system. Systems interact with each other as a result of the choices of their designers, owners, and users. These complex systems of systems fail in unanticipated ways. The impacts of those system failures are amplified by the often unplanned and unappreciated interdependencies among systems. The result is an increasing frequency and magnitude of system failures that have major impacts on regional economies and on the physical well-being of the populations they serve. Compounding this concern is the emergence of malevolent acts resulting from irresponsibility, disaffected employees and users, criminal motives, terrorism, and state-supported strategic attack. This paper first examines some vulnerabilities encountered in the 'federation' of systems through the widespread application of information technology. It proposes a defensive design paradigm that recognizes the unavoidable occurrence of failures resulting from complexity and from malice. Finally, the implications for engineering design are examined and proposals are made for ways to introduce such an approach to design into curricula},
	Author = {Lukasik, S.J.},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-10-30 14:24:05 -0400},
	Issn = {0949-149X},
	Journal = {Int. J. Eng. Educ.},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {206-212},
	Title = {Vulnerabilities and failures of complex systems},
	Volume = {19},
	Year = {2003},
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@article{Kazman:2012,
	Abstract = {This paper will show how architecture design and analysis techniques rest on a small number of foundational principles. We will show how those principles have been instantiated as a core set of techniques. These techniques, combined together, have resulted in several highly successful architecture analysis and design methods. Finally, we will show how these foundations, and the techniques that instantiate them, can be re-combined for new purposes addressing problems of ever-increasing scale, specifically: addressing the highly complex problems of analyzing software-intensive ecosystems.},
	Author = {Rick Kazman and Michael Gagliardi and William Wood},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-10-30 13:07:22 -0400},
	Doi = {10.1016/j.jss.2011.03.050},
	Issn = {0164-1212},
	Journal = {Journal of Systems and Software},
	Number = {7},
	Pages = {1511 - 1519},
	Title = {Scaling up software architecture analysis},
	Url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0164121211000793},
	Volume = {85},
	Year = {2012},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0164121211000793},
	Bdsk-Url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2011.03.050}}

@article{Maier:1998,
	Abstract = {While the phrase ``system-of-systems'' is commonly seen, there is less agreement on what they are, how they may be distinguished from ``conventional'' systems, or how their development differs from other systems. This paper proposes a definition, a limited taxonomy, and a basic set of architecting principles to assist in their design. As it turns out, the term system-of-systems is infelicitous for the taxonomic grouping. The grouping might be better termed ``collaborative systems.'' The paper also discusses the value of recognizing the classification in system design, and some of the problems induced by misclassification. One consequence of the classification is the identification of principal structuring heuristics for system-of-systems. Another is an understanding that, in most cases, the architecture of a system-of-systems is communications. The architecture is nonphysical, it is the set of standards that allow meaningful communication among the components. This is illustrated through existing and proposed systems. {\copyright} 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Syst Eng 1: 267--284, 1998},
	Author = {Maier, Mark W.},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-10-30 14:27:18 -0400},
	Doi = {10.1002/(SICI)1520-6858(1998)1:4<267::AID-SYS3>3.0.CO;2-D},
	Issn = {1520-6858},
	Journal = {Systems Engineering},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {267--284},
	Title = {Architecting principles for systems-of-systems},
	Volume = {1},
	Year = {1998},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6858(1998)1:4%3C267::AID-SYS3%3E3.0.CO;2-D}}

@article{Levis:2000,
	Abstract = {The C4ISR Architecture Framework document issued by the Department of Defense specifies three views of an information architecture and defines a set of products that describe each view. These architecture views are to serve as the basis for C4ISR system development and acquisition. The Framework does not provide a process for architecture design. In this paper, information architectures are described in the context of Structured Analysis, and then the architecture views of the Framework and the related products are interpreted in that context. A methodology for architecture design is developed that is then implemented using Structured Analysis and object orientation in two companion papers. {\copyright} 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Syst Eng 3: 225--247, 2000},
	Author = {Levis, Alexander H. and Wagenhals, Lee W.},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-10-30 13:28:20 -0400},
	Doi = {10.1002/1520-6858(2000)3:4<225::AID-SYS4>3.0.CO;2-#},
	Issn = {1520-6858},
	Journal = {Systems Engineering},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {225-247},
	Title = {C4ISR architectures: I. Developing a process for C4ISR architecture design},
	Volume = {3},
	Year = {2000},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1520-6858(2000)3:4%3C225::AID-SYS4%3E3.0.CO;2-%23}}

@article{Wagenhals:2000,
	Abstract = {A Structured Analysis based process for developing C4ISR architectures is presented. The process demonstrates the feasibility of developing architecture descriptions that conform to the C4ISR Architecture Framework based on the Structured Analysis paradigm that underlies the concepts and definitions in the Framework. Furthermore, the process incorporates the derivation of an executable model that can reveal the logical, behavioral, and performance characteristics of the architecture. The complete process is illustrated through an example involving the insertion of a new technology in a large legacy system. {\copyright} 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Syst Eng 3: 248--287, 2000},
	Author = {Wagenhals, Lee W. and Shin, Insub and Kim, Daesik and Levis, Alexander H.},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-05 21:25:43 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1002/1520-6858(2000)3:4<248::AID-SYS5>3.0.CO;2-M},
	Issn = {1520-6858},
	Journal = {Systems Engineering},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {248-287},
	Title = {C4ISR architectures: II. A structured analysis approach for architecture design},
	Url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1520-6858(2000)3:4<248::AID-SYS5>3.0.CO;2-M},
	Volume = {3},
	Year = {2000},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1520-6858(2000)3:4%3C248::AID-SYS5%3E3.0.CO;2-M}}

@article{Osorio:2011,
	Abstract = {There is growing evidence for the relevance of human behavioral factors in successful development of new products, processes, and services. The evidence is even clearer when the forces affecting the development and evolution of long-lived, large, and open complex socio-technical systems are examined. Methods that study the architecture of these systems can help scholars and practitioners to better understand, manage, and develop socio-technical systems. We propose an approach and a method to address these needs that is grounded in the theory of systems architecture and builds on the strengths of Object Process Methodology (OPM) and the process for representing Complex Large-scale Interconnected Open Socio-technical (CLIOS) systems. We do so by integrating these methods into the CLIOS-OPM Integrated Method (COIM). COIM is conducive to studying a system's architecture and its evolution, as it is enhanced by a set of qualitative methods for answering questions about the reasons (why) and process (how) of change in human-made systems over time. {\copyright} 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.},
	Author = {Osorio, Carlos A. and Dori, Dov and Sussman, Joseph},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-05 10:14:12 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1002/sys.20185},
	Issn = {1520-6858},
	Journal = {Systems Engineering},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {364-382},
	Publisher = {Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company},
	Title = {COIM: An object-process based method for analyzing architectures of complex, interconnected, large-scale socio-technical systems},
	Url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sys.20185},
	Volume = {14},
	Year = {2011},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sys.20185}}

@article{Garrett:2011,
	Abstract = {Recent engineering experiences with the Missile Defense Agency (MDA) Ballistic Missile Defense System (BMDS) highlight the need to analyze the BMDS System of Systems (SoS) including the numerous potential interactions between independently developed elements of the system. The term ``interstitials'' is used to define the domain of interfaces, interoperability, and integration between constituent systems in an SoS. The authors feel that this domain, at an SoS level, has received insufficient attention within systems engineering literature. The BMDS represents a challenging SoS case study as many of its initial elements were assembled from existing programs of record. The elements tend to perform as designed but their performance measures may not be consistent with the higher level SoS requirements. One of the BMDS challenges is interoperability, to focus the independent elements to interact in a number of ways, either subtle or overt, for a predictable and sustainable national capability. New capabilities desired by national leadership may involve modifications to kill chains, Command and Control (C2) constructs, improved coordination, and performance. These capabilities must be realized through modifications to programs of record and integration across elements of the system that have their own independent programmatic momentum. A challenge of SoS Engineering is to objectively evaluate competing solutions and assess the technical viability of tradeoff options. This paper will present a multifaceted technical approach for integrating a complex, adaptive SoS to achieve a functional capability. Architectural frameworks will be explored, a mathematical technique utilizing graph theory will be introduced, adjuncts to more traditional modeling and simulation techniques such as agent based modeling will be explored, and, finally, newly developed technical and managerial metrics to describe design maturity will be introduced. A theater BMDS construct will be used as a representative set of elements together with the interstitials representing the integration domain. Increased attention to the interstitial space of the overarching BMDS SoS construct and applying appropriate technical rigor and engineering due diligence with these added tools should greatly assist the BMDS in realizing its potential. {\copyright} 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 14: 87--109, 2011},
	Author = {Garrett, Robert K. and Anderson, Steve and Baron, Neil T. and Moreland, James D.},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-20 08:09:13 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1002/sys.20173},
	Issn = {1520-6858},
	Journal = {Systems Engineering},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {87-109},
	Title = {Managing the interstitials, a System of Systems framework suited for the Ballistic Missile Defense System},
	Volume = {14},
	Year = {2011},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sys.20173}}

@article{Rao:2008,
	Abstract = {Understanding the operations of a large ``net-centric system-of-systems'' requires in-depth knowledge of the interfaces and the interactions among the various systems, subsystems, and components. Architectural modeling can help in reducing the complexity involved in designing large networked systems. This paper demonstrates a modeling approach for network centric systems. An example of such a complex system is the Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS)--- a system for monitoring and collecting information related to Earth's resources. The GEOSS is an evolving complex network centric system. The modeling of the GEOSS has been demonstrated using the Systems Modeling Language (SysML). In this paper, architecture representation using SysML demonstrates an object-oriented approach of model development. This paper discusses issues related to architecture description, development, presentation, and integration for the chosen domain. This paper also highlights some of the differences between SysML, which is used to model a wide range of systems, and Unified Modeling Language (UML), which is primarily used to model information systems only. Finally, in order to synthesize an executable model from the static views developed using SysML, Colored Petri-nets (CP-nets) have been used. The executable model, constructed using CP nets, is used to validate the architecture against the static model. Overall, this research defines a methodology to model and simulate complex network centric system of systems in order to understand and simulate their behavior using a scenario based approach. {\copyright} 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng },
	Author = {Rao, Madwaraj and Ramakrishnan, Sreeram and Dagli, Cihan},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-05 10:43:12 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1002/sys.20095},
	Issn = {1520-6858},
	Journal = {Systems Engineering},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {203-220},
	Title = {Modeling and simulation of net centric system of systems using systems modeling language and colored Petri-nets: A demonstration using the global earth observation system of systems},
	Url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sys.20095},
	Volume = {11},
	Year = {2008},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sys.20095}}

@article{Haimes:2012,
	Abstract = {Complex systems are commonly composed of interconnected and inter- and intradependent subsystems, which in their essence constitute systems of systems with multiple functions, operations, and stakeholders. Phantom System Models (PSM) is a modeling methodology inspired by philosophical and conceptual thinking from the arts, and is driven and supported by systems engineering theory, methodology, and practice. The PSM is designed to model inter- and intradependencies between and among the subsystems of a complex system of systems by exploiting vital knowledge and information embedded in the intrinsic and extrinsic common and uncommon state variables among the subsystems. Among the several systems engineering theories and methodologies, the PSM in particular builds on the centrality of the states of the system in modeling and in risk analysis; fundamentals in system identification (the inverse problem); hierarchical holographic modeling; coordinated hierarchical Bayesian model; and hierarchical decomposition and higher-level coordination. An example problem of a PSM-based modeling of a prototype system of systems is presented. {\copyright} 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng},
	Author = {Haimes, Yacov Y.},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-20 08:09:49 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1002/sys.21205},
	Issn = {1520-6858},
	Journal = {Systems Engineering},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {333-346},
	Title = {Modeling complex systems of systems with Phantom System Models},
	Volume = {15},
	Year = {2012},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sys.21205}}

@article{Haimes:2012a,
	Abstract = {Building on systems-based philosophy, theory, methodology, and practice, the challenges associated with modeling, assessing, managing, and communicating the multidimensional risk to cyberinfrastructure systems (CIS) serviced by cloud computing technology (CCT) as systems of systems (SoS) are explored. The article raises concerns about the euphoria in the literature about CCT and stresses the importance of understanding the complex process of modeling, assessing, managing, and communicating the risks associated with CIS-CCT. Several themes are highlighted: the theory of scenario structuring; the epistemology of the states of the CIS-CCT systems; the role of systems integration in CIS-CCT; the risk to CIS-CCT from malicious insiders' intrusion; the complex definition and quantification of the risk function associated with CIS-CCT systems; and modeling the multiple perspectives of CIS-CCT, focusing on hierarchical holographic modeling (HHM) and phantom system models (PSM). The paper concludes with an epilogue and list of references. {\copyright} 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng},
	Author = {Haimes, Yacov Y. and Chittister, Clyde C.},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-20 08:10:04 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1002/sys.20204},
	Issn = {1520-6858},
	Journal = {Systems Engineering},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {213-224},
	Title = {Risk to cyberinfrastructure systems served by cloud computing technology as systems of systems},
	Volume = {15},
	Year = {2012},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sys.20204}}

@article{Carlock:2001,
	Abstract = {This article describes the emerging roles of the systems engineering (SE) function in supporting enterprise management in information-intensive organizations. ``Enterprise Systems Engineering'' (ESE) comprises three major roles or ``levels'' of systems engineering for successful and efficient development or procurement of large complex systems of systems (SoS). While the authors' experience focuses predominantly on government organizations acting as their own SoS integrators, the SoS ESE concept has generic applicability for any organization, public or private, seeking to attain competitive advantage through leveraging of information technology resources and systems. The processes and tools described here have been developed and successfully employed to facilitate government project management and investment decisions and control. [Carlock and Decker, 1998] This paper describes a formal three-level SoS ESE process that, at the top level, organizes and maintains all of the details of the enterprise-wide SoS architecture and strategic development plan in a flexible framework that accommodates the changes expected over a long SoS evolution. The information maintained in this framework allows the organization to know where it is going, how and when it is going to get there, the required capabilities and interfaces of each SoS component, and the impact of changes to system requirements, budgets, schedules, etc., on the overall SoS. The middle level processes allow the organization to perform trade studies among alternative solutions to implement required capabilities based on what is best for the enterprise-wide SoS rather than just local considerations. The end result of the middle level processes is a selected and approved solution and its associated cost, schedule, benefits, and technical baselines. The third level processes implement the approved solutions in accordance with the approved baselines. {\copyright} 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Syst Eng 4: 242--261, 2001},
	Author = {Carlock, Paul G. and Fenton, Robert E.},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-06 10:54:17 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1002/sys.1021},
	Issn = {1520-6858},
	Journal = {Systems Engineering},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {242--261},
	Title = {System of Systems (SoS) enterprise systems engineering for information-intensive organizations},
	Volume = {4},
	Year = {2001},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sys.1021}}

@article{Sage:1998,
	Abstract = {Systems Integration is an activity omnipresent in almost all of
systems engineering and management. Often the term lacks precise
definition and is used in different ways and for different purposes
in the engineering of systems. This paper presents an overview of
systems integration at all levels of system engineering and
management. The goal of the paper is to present the various views
of systems integration including lifecycle, architecture, process,
interface, and enterprise, as well as product integration involving
software and hardware. We examine systems engineering process,
including several process models in an attempt to reveal the
activities associated with integration during the engineering of
systems. We review the characteristics of interfaces between
systems of systems and users that generally give rise to many
systems integration concerns. Without very careful effort at
developing an appropriate architecture for a system, there will be
little hope of integration. We discuss the role of systems
management and knowledge integration in architecting for systems
integration. Also presented are several contemporary perspectives
on system architectures and their role in the engineering and
integration of systems. {\copyright} 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Syst Eng 1: 176--227, 1998},
	Author = {Sage, Andrew P. and Lynch, Charles L.},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-05 11:28:22 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1002/(SICI)1520-6858(1998)1:3<176::AID-SYS3>3.0.CO;2-L},
	Issn = {1520-6858},
	Journal = {Systems Engineering},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {176-227},
	Title = {Systems integration and architecting: An overview of principles, practices, and perspectives},
	Url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6858(1998)1:3<176::AID-SYS3>3.0.CO;2-L},
	Volume = {1},
	Year = {1998},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6858(1998)1:3%3C176::AID-SYS3%3E3.0.CO;2-L}}

@inproceedings{Schneider:2011,
	Abstract = {In recent years it has become more and more evident that openness and adaptivity are key characteristics of next generation distributed systems. The reason for that is not least the advent of computing trends like Ubiquitous Computing, Ambient Intelligence, and Cyber Physical Systems, where systems are usually open for dynamic integration and able to react adaptively to changing situations. Despite being open and adaptive it is a common requirement for such systems to be safe. However, traditional safety assurance techniques, both state-of-the-practice and state-of-the-art, are not sufficient in this context. We recently developed some initial solution concepts based on conditional safety certificates and corresponding runtime analyses. In this paper we show how to operationalize these concepts. To this end we present in detail how to specify conditional safety certificates, how to transform them into suitable runtime models, and how these models finally support dynamic safety evaluations.},
	Author = {Schneider, D. and Trapp, M.},
	Booktitle = {5th IEEE International Conference on Self-Adaptive and Self-Organizing Systems},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-31 15:31:42 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/SASO.2011.20},
	Issn = {1949-3673},
	Month = {October},
	Pages = {89 -98},
	Series = {SASO},
	Title = {A Safety Engineering Framework for Open Adaptive Systems},
	Year = {2011},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/SASO.2011.20}}

@inproceedings{Autili:2011,
	Abstract = {The Future Internet envisions a ubiquitous world where available services can be easily discovered and coordinated so to fit users' requirements and needs. Service choreographies will play a central role in this vision as an effective means to allow heterogeneous services to suitably collaborate. This paper describes our experience of choreography development within the CHOReOS project.},
	Author = {Autili, M. and Di Ruscio, D. and Inverardi, P. and Lockerbie, J. and Tivoli, M.},
	Booktitle = {Workshop on Requirements Engineering for Systems, Services and Systems-of-Systems},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-10 10:01:11 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/RESS.2011.6043925},
	Month = {August},
	Pages = {59 -62},
	Series = {RESS},
	Title = {A development process for requirements based service choreography},
	Year = {2011},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/RESS.2011.6043925}}

@inproceedings{Wilkinson:2010,
	Abstract = {Architecting has become an important discipline within the broader context of systems engineering. The lack of a common understanding of the discipline amongst practitioners and other stakeholders, particularly in broad communities, can result in confusion, misunderstanding and inefficiencies. Methods and principles from the Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) are used to define a method for investigating different approaches to systems and system of systems architecting, which we characterize as distinct `belief systems'. This method is applied to a number of such `belief systems' encountered in applied systems architecting with the aim of clarifying their key features and promoting mutual understanding across different architecting communities.},
	Author = {Wilkinson, M. and King, P. and James, A. and Emes, M. and Bryant, P.},
	Booktitle = {5th International Conference on System of Systems Engineering},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-10 09:47:32 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/SYSOSE.2010.5544095},
	Month = {June},
	Series = {SoSE},
	Title = {Belief systems in systems architecting: Method and preliminary applications},
	Year = {2010},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/SYSOSE.2010.5544095}}

@inproceedings{Bermudez:2009,
	Abstract = {An ocean observing system could be defined as a set of independent elements that interact to form a whole for the purpose of observing ocean data. But, what is a system? Is a sensor a system? Is a buoy a system? Is a collection of stations a system? This paper defines the components of an ocean observing system and how they relate to each other for the purpose of streaming real time sensed data. This paper answers these questions based on results from the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) Ocean Science Interoperability Experiment. The paper also provides a conceptual model of an ocean observing system and web services examples based on OGC Sensor Observation Services (SOS) and the IEEE 1451 set of standards. The OOSTethys group, leader of the OGC Ocean Science Interoperability Experiment, has been building a community of interest, developing reference implementations, and maintaining a test-bed environment to advance the OGC Sensor Observation Service (SOS) and IEEE 1451 standards. The primary goal of the OOSTethys project is to accelerate the pace at which ocean observations and associated technologies become more broadly and publicly available by expediting the community-wide adoption, installation, and updating of standards-compliant web services. Published in 2007, SOS is a relatively new OGC standard. Even so, the SOS standard has been broadly implemented and has been adopted by the Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS) Program Office within the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The European Seafloor Observatory Network (ESONET), as well as many other projects and organizations are also considering adopting SOS. SOS provides the framework to access and publish observations in a very general form. For example, it can be configured to publish observations from a collection of heterogeneous sensors, a platform, an individual sensor, or even from a numerical model or a human observer. SOS defines the operations (describe Sensor, get Observat- ion, etc.) that a system should implement to publish observations. SOS is built on other standards, such as OGC Observation and Measurement (O amp;M), OGC Sensor Model Language (SensorML) and the OGC Sensor Web Enablement common data model (SWECommon). IEEE 1451 is a suite of standards that define a model and interfaces to connect transducers (e.g., sensors) to systems and networks. It defines a smart transducer composed of Transducer Interface Module (TIM) and a Network capable Application processor (NCAP). Both provide the functional components to enable interoperability of instruments in sensor networks. The OOSTethys community, using SensorML, O amp;M, and IEEE 1451 has specified a simplified conceptual model for an observing system. SensorML provides the capabilities to describe the composition of systems. OOSTethys defines a system to be a procedure and a collection of components. A procedure, as specified in O amp;M, is in charge of creating the observation. A procedure has an output, which is the result of the observation. The components are themselves considered systems. For example, an instrument and a sensor can each be treated as systems. It is also possible to describe a regional observing system as composed of a set of platforms, platforms as a set of instruments and instruments as a set of sensors. As such, each system could provide its own observation offering. SOS allows service providers to offer ad-hoc observation offerings. The OOSTethys community believes that an offering should be related to one and only one system. For example, a platform could have its own offering allowing users get all the data related to the platform deployment from one service end point. Even systems that integrate observations from multiple sources can provide observation offerings for their unique combinations of data. By presenting a unified underlying meaning of what defines an observing system and implementing its concrete representation using OGC SOS services, },
	Author = {Bermudez, L. and Delory, E. and O'Reilly, T. and del Rio Fernandez, J.},
	Booktitle = {MTS/IEEE Biloxi - Marine Technology for Our Future: Global and Local Challenges},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-06 10:43:06 -0500},
	Month = {October},
	Series = {OCEANS},
	Title = {Ocean observing systems demystified},
	Year = {2009},
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@article{Lewis:2011,
	Abstract = {Interconnected systems of systems provide capabilities that aren't available in any single system. Fundamental service-oriented principles can help in engineering them, regardless of the implementation technologies used.},
	Author = {Lewis, G. and Morris, E. and Simanta, S. and Smith, D.},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-10-30 13:31:19 -0400},
	Doi = {10.1109/MS.2011.15},
	Issn = {0740-7459},
	Journal = {IEEE Software},
	Month = {Jan-February},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {58 -63},
	Title = {Service Orientation and Systems of Systems},
	Volume = {28},
	Year = {2011},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MS.2011.15}}

@inproceedings{Mane:2011,
	Abstract = {The development and acquisition of complex systems remains a challenge, especially in the aerospace/defense sector, due to complexities in both program management and engineering design. The interdependencies between component systems form networks that, while enabling capabilities that are beyond those of individual systems, also increase system complexity and risk since disruptions in the development of one system may propagate to other directly or indirectly dependent systems. This paper presents an approach to measure the complexity of networks in the context of system development time. Development disruption propagation is modeled as a Markov chain, where the states are defined as the constituent systems and the transition probabilities as the interdependency characteristics of systems. A proof-of-concept application shows the approach can distinguish between alternate networks and indicates its applicability for managing risk in design and development of systems with significant interdependencies.},
	Author = {Mane, M. and DeLaurentis, D. and Frazho, A.},
	Booktitle = {IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-10 09:41:03 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/ICSMC.2011.6083805},
	Issn = {1062-922X},
	Month = {October},
	Pages = {1238 -1243},
	Series = {SMC},
	Title = {A Markov perspective on system-of-systems complexity},
	Year = {2011},
	Bdsk-File-1 = {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},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICSMC.2011.6083805}}

@inproceedings{Petcu:2010,
	Abstract = {This paper presents the results achieved on the distributed telemedicine systems by the Research and Integration Centre - UTI Group (UTI), in partnership with the Faculty of Automatics and Computer Science from the #x201C;Politehnica #x201D; University of Bucharest (UPB), Romania. The partnership aim is to develop solutions to improve the access, efficiency, effectiveness, and quality of clinical and business processes utilized by healthcare and social care organizations, practitioners, patients, and consumers in an effort to improve the health status of patients. This paper is focused on the distributed system architecture, telemedicine system of system (SoS) emergent behavior and describes the main aspects of the distributed telemedicine systems efficiency evaluation.},
	Author = {Petcu, V. and Petrescu, A.},
	Booktitle = {9th Roedunet International Conference},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-10 09:43:31 -0500},
	Issn = {2068-1038},
	Month = {June},
	Pages = {208 -211},
	Series = {RoEduNet},
	Title = {Systems of systems applications for telemedicine},
	Year = {2010},
	Bdsk-File-1 = {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}}

@inproceedings{Fovino:2006,
	Abstract = {The assessment and the evaluation of the risk exposure to failures and cyber attacks, is nowadays - in times of pervasive ICT applications - a much required task. However, in some cases, and especially when evaluating an ICT infrastructure (which can be logically and geographically sparse and which can provide services to other systems), the evaluation of system risk is not sufficient. In fact in this context, a failure judged negligible for the life of a system may have not negligible effect on another system which is in someway in relation with the former one. In this paper, we present a formal approach based on the concept of system of system allowing to represent the interdependencies existing among a group of collaborating systems. Moreover we show how such an approach can be integrated in a risk assessment methodology in order to obtain a system of system risk assessment framework.},
	Author = {Fovino, I.N. and Masera, M.},
	Booktitle = {IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-20 08:08:49 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/ICSMC.2006.384449},
	Month = {October},
	Pages = {590-595},
	Title = {Emergent Disservices in Interdependent Systems and System-of-Systems},
	Volume = {1},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-File-1 = {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},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICSMC.2006.384449}}

@inproceedings{Suri:2010,
	Abstract = {Timely access to relevant data and information is critical to successful mission execution in network centric warfare. Often, the data required to support a mission is not always resident within a single system, but is distributed among multiple systems that must be dynamically interconnected to support the data and information needs. While proprietary and stove-piped information systems have slowly given way to standardized information management architectures (such as the Joint Battlespace Infosphere (JBI) architecture developed by the US Air Force Research Laboratory), each independent organization and/or mission is normally associated with a separate instance of a managed information space that operates in an independent manner. This is necessary given the different stakeholders and administrative domains responsible for the information. However, the demands for coordination and cooperation require interoperability and information exchange between these independently operating information spaces. This paper describes a federated approach to interconnecting multiple information spaces to enable data interchange. We propose a set of interfaces to facilitate dynamic, runtime discovery and federation of information spaces. We also integrate with the KAoS policy and domain services framework to realize policy-based control over the federation and exchange of information. Our approach allows clients to transparently perform publish, subscribe, and query operations across all the federated information spaces. We have integrated with three existing JBI implementations - Apollo from the Air Force Research Laboratory, Mercury from General Dynamics and AIMS from Northrop Grumman. Most recently, we have integrated with Phoenix, a fully SoA (Service-oriented Architecture) based approach to information management.},
	Author = {Suri, N. and Marcon, M. and Uszok, A. and Breedy, M. and Bradshaw, J.M. and Carvalho, M. and Hanna, J. and Hillman, R. and Sinclair, A. and Combs, V.},
	Booktitle = {IEEE Military Communications Conference},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-10 09:45:44 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/MILCOM.2010.5680377},
	Issn = {2155-7578},
	Month = {October},
	Pages = {225 -230},
	Series = {MILCOM},
	Title = {A dynamic and policy-controlled approach to federating information systems},
	Year = {2010},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MILCOM.2010.5680377}}

@inproceedings{Pavon:2011,
	Abstract = {This paper presents a methodology and tools for SoS engineering. The approach is based on the experience acquired in several developments made in the context of the SiCoSSyS project. It considers that the nature of SoS requires (1) the participation of a diversity of people with different backgrounds and profiles, and (2) to cope with the heterogeneity of systems. These goals can be achieved by model-driven engineering methods and tools. In our work we have applied as well an agent-based modeling approach for the definition of domain-specific languages that constitute the main tool for specification, simulation and deployment of solutions.},
	Author = {Pavon, J. and Gomez-Sanz, J. and Paredes, A.L.},
	Booktitle = {6th International Conference on System of Systems Engineering},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-10 09:42:56 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/SYSOSE.2011.5966594},
	Month = {June},
	Pages = {179 -184},
	Series = {SoSE},
	Title = {The SiCoSSyS approach to SoS engineering},
	Year = {2011},
	Bdsk-File-1 = {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},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/SYSOSE.2011.5966594}}

@inproceedings{Andrae:2011,
	Abstract = {Earth observation data obtained from ground based sensors often plays an essential role in the research of societal benefit issues such as climate change, health, or ecosystems. The integration of earth observation data usually starts with the discovery of appropriate sensors and corresponding data sets, which we analyzed, remains a tedious task. Observing that complex global initiatives, such as the global earth observation system of systems (GEOSS) only ponderously get off the ground, this paper describes a lightweight mash-up based solution that is driven by the research and earth observation community. This paper describes the architectural framework and the used technologies of our OpenSensors platform, which simplifies the digitalization and eventual discovery processes of sensors for research purposes.},
	Author = {Andrae, S. and Simonis, I.},
	Booktitle = {IST-Africa Conference Proceedings},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-25 11:26:13 -0500},
	Month = {May},
	Pages = {1 -10},
	Title = {OpenSensors: A community platform to enable the Sensor Web and foster earth observation research},
	Year = {2011},
	Bdsk-File-1 = {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}}

@inproceedings{Keebaugh:2005,
	Abstract = { The global earth observation system of systems (GEOSS) is envisioned as an interoperable confederation of existing and future earth observation, information and decision support systems. The implementation of this approach requires information synthesis across disciplines, domains, and geo-political boundaries. The technological component of this challenge is not new. Significant advancements have been made in the intelligence community that can be transferred directly to the GEOSS framework. horizontal integration (HI) provides an approach for connecting legacy assets into a system of systems architecture. HI can be implemented at a variety of levels constrained by cost/benefit and other practical considerations. This paper provides an overview of the HI paradigm and the various levels of integration within a GEOSS context.},
	Author = {Keebaugh, M.D.},
	Booktitle = {Local to Global Data Interoperability - Challenges and Technologies},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-10-30 13:09:43 -0400},
	Doi = {10.1109/LGDI.2005.1612459},
	Month = {June},
	Pages = {19 - 23},
	Title = {The application of a horizontal integration paradigm for GEOSS},
	Year = {2005},
	Bdsk-File-1 = {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},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/LGDI.2005.1612459}}

@inproceedings{Dietterle:2005,
	Abstract = {Future combat systems (FCS) is a joint (across all the military services) networked (connected via advanced communications) system of systems (one large system made up of 18 individual systems, the network, and most importantly, the Soldier). Future combat systems are connected via an advanced network architecture that will enable levels of joint connectivity, situational awareness and understanding, and synchronized operations heretofore unachievable. FCS will operate as a system of systems (SoS) that will network existing systems, systems already under development, and systems to be developed to meet the requirements of the Army's Future Force Unit of Action (UA)},
	Author = {Dietterle, R.},
	Booktitle = {IEEE Military Communications Conference},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-06 11:05:58 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/MILCOM.2005.1606160},
	Month = {October},
	Pages = {3269 -3273},
	Series = {MILCOM},
	Title = {The future combat systems (FCS) overview},
	Volume = {5},
	Year = {2005},
	Bdsk-File-1 = {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},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MILCOM.2005.1606160}}

@article{Vicaire:2012,
	Abstract = {This paper describes a novel group-based programming abstraction called a #x201C;Bundle #x201D; for cyber-physical systems (CPS). Similar to other programming abstractions, a Bundle creates logical collections of sensing devices. However, previous abstractions were focused on wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and did not address key aspects of CPS. Bundles elevate the programming domain from a single WSN to complex systems of systems by allowing the programming of applications involving multiple CPSs that are controlled by different administrative domains and support mobility both within and across CPSs. Bundles can seamlessly group not only sensors, but also actuators which constitute an important part of CPS. They enable programming in a multiuser environment with fine grained access right control and conflict resolution mechanism. Bundles support heterogeneous devices, such as motes, PDAs, laptops, and actuators according to the applications' requirements. They allow different applications to simultaneously use the same sensors and actuators. Bundles facilitate feedback control mechanisms by dynamic membership update and requirements reconfiguration based on feedback from the current members. The Bundle abstraction is implemented in Java which ensures ease and conciseness of programming. We present the design and implementation details of Bundles as well as a performance evaluation using 32 applications written with Bundles. This set includes across-network applications that have sophisticated sensing and actuation logic, mobile nodes that are heterogeneous, and feedback control mechanisms. Each of these applications is programmed in less than 60 lines of code.},
	Author = {Vicaire, P.A. and Hoque, E. and Zhiheng Xie and Stankovic, J.A.},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-05 21:14:08 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/TII.2011.2166772},
	Issn = {1551-3203},
	Journal = {IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics},
	Month = {May},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {379 -392},
	Title = {Bundle: A Group-Based Programming Abstraction for Cyber-Physical Systems},
	Volume = {8},
	Year = {2012},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TII.2011.2166772}}

@inproceedings{Agrawal:2005,
	Abstract = { We define a set of requirements and criteria for selection and development of middleware for large distributed systems (system-of-systems or SoS). Middleware technologies are critical to the successful implementation and integration of large distributed systems. Such systems are developed by multiple vendors, and often integrated by a large prime contractor. In any such large system-of-systems, there is a wide variety in application performance and functionality requirements. These requirements place a wide range of requirements on the underlying middleware. Our thesis for this research is that it is futile and counter-productive to define one single middleware for these complex systems. There are two major reasons for this difficulty: a) Any middleware implementation approach always requires design compromise between functionality, flexibility, performance, size-weight-power, and cost. For example, more dynamic systems are harder to verify; higher-integrity systems may require lock-step hardware replication. A single implementation can never meet the needs of all applications; b) Middleware is so critical to the overall system integration that suppliers of individual systems are loath to loosen their own control over this middleware. For a large SoS integration, this problem gets especially complicated as system vendors have product and business strategies often in conflict with the SoS integrator. In this scenario, the middleware quickly becomes the SoS bottleneck not just in schedule and cost, but also a large technical risk. The requirements on the underlying middleware depend not on the middleware technologies used, but on the application context it is used in. This becomes the biggest challenge for designing the SoS middleware. Since a specific (or a small set of) trade-offs must be made, there will always be some applications that will not be able to use the middleware to perform its functions. We explore major categories of requirements: Dependability (such as timeliness, fault-tolerance, availability, and information integrity); Functional complexity and distributed state management; and platform size, weight, power. Unfortunately, there are trade-offs to be made as we characterize the performance of an application wit- hin these categories. The enhancements in one category will usually lead in a reduction in other categories.},
	Author = {Mukul Agrawal and Graba, L.},
	Booktitle = {24th Digital Avionics Systems Conference},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-31 15:30:02 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/DASC.2005.1563466},
	Month = {October},
	Pages = {8.B.4-1--8.B.4-5},
	Series = {DASC},
	Title = {Distributed middleware requirements for disparate avionics and control software},
	Volume = {2},
	Year = {2005},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/DASC.2005.1563466}}

@inproceedings{Wang:2008a,
	Abstract = {To achieve the goal of information dominance, the DoD has adopted the doctrine of net-centric operations and warfare (NCOW). The global information grid (GIG), future combat system (FCS), C2 constellation, and FORCEnet are examples of net-centric operations where multiple systems-of-systems integrate thousands of platforms, sensors, decision nodes, weapons, and warfighters through heterogeneous wire-line and wireless networks. NCOW provides superior collection, fusion, analysis, and use of information to help the DoD exploit information superiority and achieve strategic and tactical goals. Standard-based publish/subscribe (pub/sub) middleware, such as the object management group (OMG) 's data distribution service (DDS), is a key enabling technology to build and evolve large-scale and long-lived distributed real-time and embedded NCOW systems. DDS is particularly relevant since it is the only standards-based pub/sub middleware that can satisfy the stringent quality-of service (QoS) requirements for a wide variety of tactical net-centric applications. The current OMG DDS specification, however, does not define services that (1) enable large-scale applications to execute in highly dynamic wide-area network environments, where information producers and consumers join and leave the information exchange and (2) rigorously maintain the necessary QoS required by NCOW systems. This paper provides three contributions to enabling dynamic NCOW applications to utilize standard-based pub/sub middleware effectively. First, it investigates and surveys key challenges in building dynamic NCOW applications, using DDS as an example. Second, it examines existing DDS standards and DDS implementations and identifies their pros and cons in the context of NCOW. Finally, we propose an adaptive discovery service framework that enables the application of DDS in large-scale and highly dynamic data-critical NCOW systems over diverse operating environments.},
	Author = {Nanbor Wang and Schmidt, D.C. and van't Hag, H. and Corsaro, A.},
	Booktitle = {IEEE Military Communications Conference},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-10 09:47:05 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/MILCOM.2008.4753364},
	Month = {November},
	Series = {MILCOM},
	Title = {Toward an adaptive data distribution service for dynamic large-scale network-centric operation and warfare (NCOW) systems},
	Year = {2008},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MILCOM.2008.4753364}}

@inproceedings{Tyler:2010,
	Abstract = {Correct and reliable collaboration among elements of layered sensor networks is crucial for maintaining an accurate and comprehensive picture of the battlespace. This paper describes an automated method for formally verifying that the architectures and internal interactions of layered sensor networks will not fail to meet requirements.},
	Author = {Tyler, B. and Langdon, A. and Chawla, P.},
	Booktitle = {Proceedings of the IEEE National Aerospace and Electronics Conference},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-10 09:46:13 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/NAECON.2010.5712921},
	Issn = {0547-3578},
	Month = {July},
	Pages = {41 -44},
	Series = {NAECON},
	Title = {Formal verification of layered sensing architectures},
	Year = {2010},
	Bdsk-File-1 = {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},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/NAECON.2010.5712921}}

@article{Haghnevis:2012,
	Abstract = {The objective of this paper is to develop an integrated method to study emergent behavior and consequences of evolution and adaptation in a certain engineered complex adaptive system. A conceptual framework is provided to describe the structure of a class of engineered complex systems and predict their future adaptive patterns. The proposed modeling approach allows examining complexity in the structure and the behavior of components as a result of their connections and in relation to their environment. Electrical power demand is used to illustrate the applicability of the modeling approach. We describe and use the major differences of natural complex adaptive systems (CASs) with artificial/engineered CASs to build our framework. The framework allows focus on the critical factors of an engineered system, but also enables one to synthetically employ engineering and mathematical models to analyze and measure complexity in such systems without complex modeling. This paper adopts concepts of complex systems science to management science and system-of-systems engineering.},
	Author = {Haghnevis, M. and Askin, R. G.},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-20 08:07:25 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/JSYST.2012.2190696},
	Issn = {1932-8184},
	Journal = {IEEE Systems Journal},
	Month = {September},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {520-530},
	Title = {A Modeling Framework for Engineered Complex Adaptive Systems},
	Volume = {6},
	Year = {2012},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/JSYST.2012.2190696}}

@article{Corsello:2008,
	Abstract = {Complex "system-of-systems" architectures are subject to a myriad of issues arising from the dynamic inter-operability these systems are intended to provide. Many of these issues can be addressed or avoided by considering the messaging interactions between system nodes prior to and during the construction of the component systems. Standardization of messages and interfaces is an ideal way to provide a consistent, vendor agnostic vehicle for interaction and interoperability of systems in this class of complex architectures.},
	Author = {Corsello, M.A.},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-06 11:01:21 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/JSYST.2008.925972},
	Issn = {1932-8184},
	Journal = {IEEE Systems Journal},
	Month = {September},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {312 -320},
	Title = {System-of-Systems Architectural Considerations for Complex Environments and Evolving Requirements},
	Volume = {2},
	Year = {2008},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/JSYST.2008.925972}}

@inproceedings{Boudreau:2007,
	Abstract = {Acoustic rapid COTS insertion (A-RCI) is a success story in the use of modular open systems approach (MOSA)/open architecture (OA)-beginning with towed-array sonar on 688 Class Submarines and later encompassing all sonar systems on all attack submarines, some surface ship sonar applications and even aviation anti-submarine warfare. The DoD has long considered open systems design a "best practice" that should be used during system development. However, as is often the case with best practices, the "lessons learned" have not been trumpeted widely across DoD acquisition organizations. The purpose of this A-RCI case study is to create a learning vehicle for the application of MOSA OA which then could be used for the training and education of acquisition practitioners and future acquisition leaders.},
	Author = {Boudreau, M.},
	Booktitle = {IEEE International Conference on System of Systems Engineering},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-06 10:46:04 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/SYSOSE.2007.4304229},
	Month = {April},
	Series = {SoSE},
	Title = {Acoustic Rapid COTS Insertion: A Case Study in Modular Open Systems Approach for Spiral Development},
	Year = {2007},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/SYSOSE.2007.4304229}}

@inproceedings{Mensing:2012,
	Abstract = {Modern large-scale software-intensive systems are complex conglomerates of interacting (socio-) technical systems. The single systems are highly adaptive and autonomous leading to emergent behavior. Well-established development approaches, that are appropriate for single software-intensive systems, do not scale well for such systems-of-systems; the focus of development shifts from a complete specification of the system to the handling of emergent behavior. Traditional development approaches are not prepared for that shift. This paper outlines an integrated software development approach for IT ecosystems, a class of ultra-large scale software intensive systems. Single systems as parts of IT ecosystems are developed applying common model-driven techniques while rules specify how to detect emergent and undesired behavior and how to react. The integrated solution aims at enabling model-driven software development for IT ecosystems. The approach will be demonstrated and discussed by its application to a feasibility study. The presented concepts are part of the methodological foundation of future tool support for software development in IT ecosystems.},
	Author = {Mensing, Benjamin and Goltz, Ursula and Aniculaesei, Adina and Herold, Sebastian and Rausch, Andreas and Gartner, Stefan and Schneider, Kurt},
	Booktitle = {6th IEEE International Conference on Digital Ecosystems Technologies},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-10 09:41:49 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/DEST.2012.6227951},
	Issn = {2150-4938},
	Month = {June},
	Series = {DEST},
	Title = {Towards integrated rule-driven software development for IT ecosystems},
	Year = {2012},
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@inproceedings{Ross:2008a,
	Abstract = {The contemporary environment and large-scale systems challenges motivate research in support of a new paradigm: value robustness. Value robustness is defined as the ability of a system to continue to deliver stakeholder value in the face of changing contexts and needs. The authors' research seeks to develop methods for concept exploration, architecting, and design using a dynamic perspective for the purpose of realizing systems, products, and services that deliver sustained value to stakeholders in a changing world. The research is aimed at improving the development of real world systems and systems of systems, and involves deep engagement with government and industry stakeholders in the research conduct and the transition of research outcomes to industry practice.},
	Author = {Ross, A.M. and Rhodes, D.H.},
	Booktitle = {2nd Annual IEEE Systems Conference},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-05 11:25:31 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/SYSTEMS.2008.4519011},
	Month = {April},
	Title = {Architecting Systems for Value Robustness: Research Motivations and Progress},
	Year = {2008},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/SYSTEMS.2008.4519011}}

@inproceedings{Khoo:2009,
	Abstract = {Domain engineering methodology aims to improve the communication and coordination of architecting complex system-of-systems (SoS) for network centric warfare (NCW). The DEM identifies best-of-breed techniques across a variety of processes to derive a methodology that concentrates on architectures. This enables projects and individuals to better collaborate on architectural efforts with improved consistency to produce quality engineering artifacts. This paper examines the approach and results of the research.},
	Author = {Khoo, T.},
	Booktitle = {IEEE Systems Conference},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-10 09:39:37 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/SYSTEMS.2009.4815818},
	Month = {March},
	Pages = {313 -318},
	Series = {SysCon},
	Title = {Domain Engineering Methodology},
	Year = {2009},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/SYSTEMS.2009.4815818}}

@inproceedings{Alghamdi:2010a,
	Abstract = {Ever since the inception of the idea of collaborating the enterprise systems, the need of an Enterprise Service Bus (ESB) has been a relentless need of the market, the bigger the systems get after collaboration the failures of the ESB's was inevitable. Things moved to more gravity when the bulkiest of the systems like Defense architectures came into picture, with the advent of this not of the efficiency but also the factors like stability, reliability, resource utilization were also of pivotal importance. This paper reviews a critical and comparative analysis of the current ESB's keeping in view the C4I System as a base, so as to ascertain which ESB fulfills the requirements of the system of systems. In comparison we try to analyze Mule ESB, GlassFish ESB and Fuse ESB with respect to interoperability. This study demonstrates that Mule is more feasible to C4I systems because it is simple, easy to integrate, no adopter requirement and flexible.},
	Author = {Alghamdi, A. and Nasir, M. and Ahmad, I. and Nafjan, K.A.},
	Booktitle = {International Symposium in Information Technology},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-25 11:14:56 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/ITSIM.2010.5561541},
	Issn = {2155-897},
	Month = {June},
	Pages = {733 -738},
	Series = {ITSim},
	Title = {An interoperability study of ESB for C4I systems},
	Volume = {2},
	Year = {2010},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ITSIM.2010.5561541}}

@inproceedings{Holt:2010,
	Abstract = {This paper presents an approach to systems engineering and system-of-systems modeling that is based on the idea of context modeling. Based on over ten years of research and application the approach forms the basis of ACSE (Atego Context-based Systems Engineering). Many traditional approaches to systems modeling represent systems as high-level blocks and then show subsystems using aggregation and composition; providing a representation of a system as a structured hierarchy. This paper suggests that this structure-based approach is unrealistic and unreliable and proposes a context-based approach to systems modeling. Contexts represent systems from particular stakeholder's points of view; it is suggested that a combination of these contexts are used as a basis for systems modeling and, hence, understanding. Following this it is suggested that system of systems can be represented in this way, by defining higher-level contexts. This is illustrated thought a simple example demonstrating the principle of context-based system engineering.},
	Author = {Holt, J. and Perry, S. and Brownsword, M. and Hause, M.},
	Booktitle = {5th International Conference on System of Systems Engineering},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-20 08:10:57 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/SYSOSE.2010.5544037},
	Month = {June},
	Series = {SoSE},
	Title = {Context-based Systems Engineering},
	Year = {2010},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/SYSOSE.2010.5544037}}

@inproceedings{Hodges:2011,
	Abstract = {With the rising cost of developing increasingly complex software intensive systems, improved strategies to join together legacy systems are desirable. Connecting black boxes not easily customized by the integrator requires architectural innovation and new integration practices. Middleware software solutions turn disparate hardware systems into system of systems service oriented architecture but there still needs to be a common underlying service with a consistent data structure to the overall system. This paper proposes an innovative approach to transposing software subsystems into the dominant flow down system engineering process used in many large programs today, specifically; large legacy bound architectures The paper suggest this can be accomplished by creating a hybrid architecture pattern from two established software patterns, singleton and sandwich, which would allow users to phase in service availability long before dominant system engineering processes are completed.},
	Author = {Hodges, R.H. and Cloutier, R.J. and Bone, M.A. and Korfiatis, P.},
	Booktitle = {6th International Conference on System of Systems Engineering},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-20 08:10:52 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/SYSOSE.2011.5966585},
	Month = {June},
	Pages = {125-130},
	Series = {SoSE},
	Title = {Singleton to sandwich chunking into buslets for better system development},
	Year = {2011},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/SYSOSE.2011.5966585}}

@inproceedings{La-Beaujardiere:2009,
	Abstract = {The Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS) will provide information about open oceans and US coastal waters and Great Lakes to scientists, managers, businesses, governments, and the public in order to support research, to inform decision-making, and to enable new applications and derived products beyond the original intent of the data gathering. Programmatically, IOOS is a component of the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) and the Global Earth Observing System of Systems (GEOSS). The US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has been assigned the role of lead federal agency in this endeavor. Technically, IOOS includes or interfaces with existing observing systems, data providers and archives, and collaborates in developing additional capabilities in observations, data management and data use. The NOAA IOOS office has established a limited-scope data-management prototype and is developing an architecture to extend and augment that prototype. This paper introduces a general architecture for IOOS and discusses specific standardization and implementation activities in that context.},
	Author = {de La Beaujardiere, J.},
	Booktitle = {OCEANS 2009},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-10-30 13:21:07 -0400},
	Month = {October},
	Title = {IOOS data management activities},
	Year = {2009},
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@inproceedings{Aysan:2010,
	Abstract = {Dependable communications is becoming a critical factor due to the pervasive usage of networked embedded systems that increasingly interact with human lives in one way or the other in many real-time applications. Though many smaller systems are providing dependable services employing uniprocesssor solutions, stringent fault containment strategies etc., these practices are fast becoming inadequate due to the prominence of COTS in hardware and component based development (CBD) in software as well as the increased focus on building 'system of systems'. Hence the repertoire of design paradigms, methods and tools available to the developers of distributed real-time systems needs to be enhanced in multiple directions and dimensions. In future scenarios, potentially a network needs to cater to messages of multiple criticality levels (and hence varied redundancy requirements) and scheduling them in a fault-tolerant manner becomes an important research issue. We address this problem in the context of Controller Area Network (CAN), which is widely used in automotive and automation domains, and describe a methodology which enables the provision of appropriate scheduling guarantees. The proposed approach involves definition of fault-tolerant windows of execution for critical messages and the derivation of message priorities based on earliest deadline first (EDF).},
	Author = {Aysan, H. and Dobrin, R. and Punnekkat, S.},
	Booktitle = {13th IEEE International Symposium on Object/Component/Service-Oriented Real-Time Distributed Computing Workshops},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-31 15:30:56 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/ISORCW.2010.32},
	Month = {May},
	Pages = {226 -232},
	Series = {ISORCW},
	Title = {Fault Tolerant Scheduling on Controller Area Network (CAN)},
	Year = {2010},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ISORCW.2010.32}}

@inproceedings{Higgs:2011,
	Abstract = {Social computing and networking has caused a dramatic evolution in the way people collaborate and interact via the Internet. Essentially, social computing represents the collection of technologies that gather, process, compute, and visualize social information. This new social structure has emerged creating an array of loosely integrated social components. However, a paradigm shift is needed to adopt a social computing model that enables the social aspects of Web 2.0 and other social computing technologies to be viewed as individual systems. These systems would then have the ability to integrate in a variety of new ways that enhances the user experience like never before. This problem can be solved by applying a system of systems framework, which treats each component as a separate system. Each system communicates as a set of defined processes with specific inputs and outputs. This creates a collection of social computing systems that are easily reusable and scalable reducing the complexity involved in integrating these systems. The Transformative (Interdisciplinary) Software Development Framework defines a process for building a system as a collection of sub- or meta- systems. In this paper we apply the Transformative Software Development Framework to social computing. A prototype, SpiderWeb was developed to reflect a paradigm shift by defining, modeling, and building a social computing prototype using system of systems engineering.},
	Author = {Higgs, J.A. and Gurupur, V.P. and Tanik, M.M.},
	Booktitle = {IEEE Southeastcon},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-20 08:10:47 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/SECON.2011.5752962},
	Issn = {1091-0050},
	Month = {March},
	Pages = {339 -344},
	Title = {A Transformative Software Development Framework: Reflecting the paradigm shift in social computing},
	Year = {2011},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/SECON.2011.5752962}}

@inproceedings{Mandl:2007,
	Abstract = {This paper describes the work being performed under a NASA Earth Science Technology Office (ESTO) Advanced Information System Technology (AIST) grant to develop a modular sensor web architecture which enables discovery and generic tasking capability for sensors, both space-based and in-situ. This effort seeks to demonstrate methods to facilitate interoperability and ease of use of a diverse set of sensors by hiding the details required to obtain sensor data, process the science data and deliver the science products. In particular, Web 2.0 and open geospatial consortium (OGC) Sensor Web Enablement (SWE) standard services are used. Thus, these capabilities serve to facilitate a user-centric approach to Global Earth Observing System of Systems (GEOSS). This work builds on previous sensor web efforts conducted at NASA/GSFC using the Earth Observing 1 (EO-1) and other satellites.},
	Author = {Mandl, D. and Sohlberg, R. and Justice, C. and Ungar, S. and Ames, T. and Frye, S. and Chien, S. and Cappelaere, P. and Tran, D.},
	Booktitle = {IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-10 09:40:50 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/IGARSS.2007.4422789},
	Month = {July},
	Pages = {297 -300},
	Series = {IGARSS},
	Title = {Experiments with user centric GEOSS architectures},
	Year = {2007},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.2007.4422789}}

@inproceedings{Hassan:2008,
	Abstract = {The global earth observation system of systems (GEOSS) is being developed as a framework for existing and future Earth observation systems which will be comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable. Many earth observation (EO) resources have been created, and are available to the global community, in order to support scientists, decision makers, and the general populace. To realize a successful GEOSS, the key is to provide mechanisms that enable EO data and geospatial data from those resources to be processed, shared and coordinated. In this paper, we propose an architecture for GEOSS which aims at providing a metadata extraction and management system for EO and geospatial data and sharing these data transparently, efficiently and securely in a grid environment.},
	Author = {Hassan, M.M. and Eui-Nam Huh},
	Booktitle = {10th International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-20 08:10:30 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/ICACT.2008.4494195},
	Issn = {1738-9445},
	Month = {February},
	Pages = {2071 -2075},
	Series = {ICACT},
	Title = {An Efficient Grid Based Metadata Processing And Sharing Architecture For GEOSS},
	Volume = {3},
	Year = {2008},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICACT.2008.4494195}}

@inproceedings{Neaga:2010,
	Abstract = {Industry, finance, and other business activities are increasingly reliant on computer networks and systems, which demand effective interoperability of systems. But this also demands effective systems security, which poses a major challenge to the socio-technical interactions enabled by interoperable tools. This paper addresses modeling of the linkages between interoperability and security in the model design stage of systems development. It considers current interoperability frameworks and the manner in which they may be combined with security standards and desirable characteristics to create trusted, robust systems that are central to the operation of network enabled large scale applications. An holistic approach for interoperability and security is presented based on systems requirements modeling and model based architecting principles.},
	Author = {Neaga, E.I. and de C Henshaw, M.J.},
	Booktitle = {5th International Conference on System of Systems Engineering},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-10 09:42:27 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/SYSOSE.2010.5544056},
	Month = {June},
	Series = {SoSE},
	Title = {Modeling the linkage between systems interoperability and security engineering},
	Year = {2010},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/SYSOSE.2010.5544056}}

@inproceedings{Farroha:2011,
	Abstract = {In order to meet the mission needs of today and keep up with the pace of technological advances, adapting the Enterprise Systems Engineering (ESE) process in a time constrained mission-centric environment is critical to leverage the efficient delivery of new capabilities in a Net Centric environment. Agility (contemporary) versus rigidity (traditional) are approaches that have their trade-offs but to meet the demands and needs of our war-fighters, we must have an ESE process that allows us to deliver quality capabilities to the tactical edge. Governance plays a significant role and testing services needs to be addressed different from the traditional T amp;E of stovepiped systems. The traditional approach of building systems to deliver a specific function is being changed to an approach of architecting services. ESE utilizes defined processes that use managerial and technical tools to analyze problems and provide structure to the overall process of planning, procuring, designing, implementing and testing an enterprise system. Adding agility and assurance to the traditional and ESE is the process by which we build quality into complex systems while delivering functionality and security of contents in a manageable timeframe and stay flexible to meet emerging requirements. This study is based on architecting the GIG which is the ultimate complex system. Utilizing the DoD's framework to facilitate information sharing; which starts with data discovery and access, we analyzed several concepts to achieve agility and higher level of security in Information Sharing Systems. The concept of the GIG also ensures that systems are not only robust but also incorporate the flexibility needed to satisfy needs that evolve during the system's life.},
	Author = {Farroha, D.L. and Farroha, B.S.},
	Booktitle = {IEEE Systems Conference},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-10 09:34:06 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/SYSCON.2011.5929083},
	Month = {April},
	Pages = {182 -188},
	Series = {SysCon},
	Title = {Agile development for system of systems: Cyber security integration into information repositories architecture},
	Year = {2011},
	Bdsk-File-1 = {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},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/SYSCON.2011.5929083}}

@inproceedings{Azani:2008,
	Abstract = {In contrast to static systems engineering that has traditionally being utilized in development of stand-alone systems, rapid deployment and deployment of fully integrated system of systems demands dynamic engineering. Change is not simply a possibility, or even a high probability, but a virtual certainty that has made the old ways of engineering and acquiring systems obsolete. For millions of years nature has used dynamic engineering principles in developing adaptable and evolving system of systems. Such principles which are referred to as natural or open systems principles in this paper are proven to withstand the test of time and are indeed equally applicable to man-made system of systems. This paper will elaborate on principal natural (open systems) development principles and discuss their application in architecting man-made system of systems.},
	Author = {Azani, C.H.},
	Booktitle = {IEEE International Conference on System of Systems Engineering},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-06 10:37:30 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/SYSOSE.2008.4724137},
	Month = {June},
	Pages = {1 -6},
	Series = {SoSE},
	Title = {System of systems architecting via natural development principles},
	Year = {2008},
	Bdsk-File-1 = {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},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/SYSOSE.2008.4724137}}

@inproceedings{Li:2012,
	Abstract = {Ever growing and expanding mission-critical domains generate ever emerging and more serious challenges. Complexity which may greatly reduce the trustworthiness of a system is the key reason. Based on the practice of FISCAN in the security inspection domain, we believe a software-reliant system of systems (srSoS) built from software product lines (SPL) is a viable solution to address these issues. In this paper, we present a framework of SPL-to-srSoS to extend SPL practices to srSoS and argue its value-enhancement effects by rapidly meeting increased complexity and emergent behaviors of System of Systems (SoS). The framework employs a basic principle of system hiding, and consists of a SPL-to-srSoS process model and an initially conceived value model. A successfully deployed FISCAN srSoS at Airports provides demonstration for the discussion throughout the paper.},
	Author = {Li, Dong and Yang, Ye},
	Booktitle = {3rd International Workshop on Product Line Approaches in Software Engineering},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-10 09:40:09 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/PLEASE.2012.6229761},
	Month = {June},
	Pages = {13 -16},
	Series = {PLEASE},
	Title = {Enhance value by building trustworthy software-reliant system of systems from software product lines},
	Year = {2012},
	Bdsk-File-1 = {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},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/PLEASE.2012.6229761}}

@inproceedings{Anderson:2008,
	Abstract = {The United States Air Force (USAF) is implementing an integrated net-centric system of systems for airborne operations in support of the global war on terror (GWOT). The GWOT demands that a successful architecture framework transforms and delivers net-centric assets to the war-fighter in a timely manner. A critical component of this implementation is the transformation of legacy strategic air platforms into net-centric air power assets operating within a system of systems. The System Architectural (SA) framework, and the Department of Defense Architectural Framework (DoDAF) are ways of managing complexity and organizing information within a system of systems network. This paper will explore and compare these architectural frameworks; show examples used in a system of systems network; and illustrate how the DoDAF can successfully define the transformation of a legacy weapon system into a net-centric asset.},
	Author = {Anderson, M.S. and Martin, S.M. and Dagli, C. and Miller, A.},
	Booktitle = {2nd Annual IEEE Systems Conference},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-25 11:24:22 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/SYSTEMS.2008.4519000},
	Month = {April},
	Series = {SysCon},
	Title = {Implementing an Architectural Framework to Define and Deliver Net-Centric Capability to Legacy Military Air Assets Operating within a System of Systems},
	Year = {2008},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/SYSTEMS.2008.4519000}}

@inproceedings{Tolk:2007,
	Abstract = {One of the main challenges for Homeland Security applications is the fact that the different supporting organizations, services, and nations come to the table with existing information technology, supporting established business and organization processes, and using organization-specific data models. This paper shows how to support multi- organization processes with a federation of their heterogeneous IT-solutions based on the alignment and orchestration of applications with regard to the underlying models of those solutions. While processes are orchestrated and aligned top-down, the supporting IT is migrated into a Homeland Security System-of-Systems bottom-up. Web services allow the loose coupling of participating systems and the consistent application of data engineering allows the auto-configuration of data mediation layers. This is made possible by considering first the solutions themselves, and their models (the top-down approach), and only then the application of data engineering to aligning those models (the bottom-up approach).},
	Author = {Tolk, A. and Turnitsa, C. and Diallo, S.},
	Booktitle = {Proceedings of the Winter Simulation Conference},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-07 11:01:56 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/WSC.2007.4419680},
	Month = {December},
	Pages = {842 -850},
	Series = {WSC},
	Title = {Model-based alignment and orchestration of heterogeneous homeland security applications enabling composition of system of systems},
	Year = {2007},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/WSC.2007.4419680}}

@inproceedings{Daniel:2009,
	Abstract = {For clarification, containment and combat of large danger areas, fast and flexible survey of potentially contaminated areas is an emerging challenge. In this paper we present a project that focuses on incidents, that are caused by uncontrolled emissions of liquid or gaseous contaminants (e.g. explosive or toxic gases or liquids, biological, chemical or nuclear weapons). Instead of sending specially equipped forces with expensive transport and measurement devices into the contaminated area, our proposed system makes use of an autonomous, wireless connected swarm of micro unmanned aerial vehicles (MUAV), often simply known as drones, that are featured with lightweight mobile sensor systems. In this paper we will be particularly focusing on the complex communication system, which on the one hand has to organize the on-board-communication between the control systems of the MUAV and the sensors and on the other hand has to establish wireless connections to the mission control center on the ground as well as to neighboring MUAVs in the air via a mesh network.},
	Author = {Daniel, K. and Dusza, B. and Lewandowski, A. and Wietfeld, C.},
	Booktitle = {3rd Annual IEEE Systems Conference},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-06 11:02:54 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/SYSTEMS.2009.4815797},
	Month = {March},
	Pages = {196 -200},
	Title = {AirShield: A system-of-systems MUAV remote sensing architecture for disaster response},
	Year = {2009},
	Bdsk-File-1 = {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},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/SYSTEMS.2009.4815797}}

@inproceedings{Volovoi:2011,
	Abstract = {Sustaining modern, high-technology, system of systems requires a sophisticated coordination of logistics, maintenance policies and operations. Stochastic Petri Nets provide a unique means for simulating the complicated interactions among the individual entities of such systems, and allow leveraging the strengths of both analytical and simulation models against these challenging coordination tasks. The advantages of this modeling approach are demonstrated for a deep-ocean tsunami warning system but are equally applicable to a wide variety of complex system of systems.},
	Author = {Volovoi, V. and Peterson, D.K.},
	Booktitle = {Proceedings of the Winter Simulation Conference},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-10 09:46:47 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/WSC.2011.6147890},
	Issn = {0891-7736},
	Month = {December},
	Pages = {1746 -1757},
	Series = {WSC},
	Title = {Coupling reliability and logistical considerations for complex system of systems using Stochastic Petri Nets},
	Year = {2011},
	Bdsk-File-1 = {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},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/WSC.2011.6147890}}

@inproceedings{Peng:2010,
	Abstract = {Coupling degree of Armament System of Systems is an important index to assess whole warfare capability of Armament System of Systems. The connotation of Armament System of Systems is researched in this paper, at the same time, coupling risk and the connection by building coupling risk model of Armament System of Systems is analyzed. An example was demonstrated and the result proved that the optimization can offer reference to improve the whole warfare capability of Armament System of Systems.},
	Author = {Di Peng and Li Fang and Chen Zhi-Cheng and Huang Wei},
	Booktitle = {5th IEEE International Symposium on Service Oriented System Engineering},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-10 09:43:18 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/SOSE.2010.19},
	Month = {June},
	Pages = {137 -140},
	Series = {SOSE},
	Title = {Research on Coupling Risk of System of Systems},
	Year = {2010},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/SOSE.2010.19}}

@inproceedings{Bhasin:2008,
	Abstract = {The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the Department of Defense (DoD) are planning space system of systems (SoS) to address the new challenges of space exploration, defense, communications, navigation, Earth observation, and science. In addition, these complex systems must provide interoperability, enhanced reliability, common interfaces, dynamic operations, and autonomy in system management. Both NASA and the DoD have chosen to meet the new demands with high data rate communication systems and space Internet technologies that bring Internet protocols (IP), routers, servers, software, and interfaces to space networks to enable as much autonomous operation of those networks as possible. These technologies reduce the cost of operations and, with higher bandwidths, support the expected voice, video, and data needed to coordinate activities at each stage of an exploration mission. In this paper, we discuss, in a generic fashion, how the architectural approaches and processes are being developed and used for defining a hypothetical communication and navigation networks infrastructure to support lunar exploration. Examples are given of the products generated by the architecture development process.},
	Author = {Bhasin, K.B. and Hayden, J.L.},
	Booktitle = {IEEE International Conference on System of Systems Engineering},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-06 10:43:38 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/SYSOSE.2008.4724153},
	Month = {June},
	Series = {SoSE},
	Title = {Architecting communication network of networks for Space System of Systems},
	Year = {2008},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/SYSOSE.2008.4724153}}

@inproceedings{Huang:2010a,
	Abstract = {Extension theory is the framework for modeling and problem-solving of complex decision problems. Based on extension modeling theory, the paper studies the modeling and evolvement analysis method of operation system of systems (OSoS). First, the conception of extension space is introduced based on extension theory, and the formalization definition of extension space is given. And then, based on FINC conception model of OSoS, the paper presents the Extension Modeling Method of OSoS (EMM-OSoS), and formalizes the matter elements (ME), the relation elements (RE), the action elements (AE) of EMM-OSoS. And at last, after defining seven operators based on extension space, the paper gives the Evolvement Analysis Method (EAM-OSoS). The contribution of paper to modeling and analysis of network-centric OSoS is referenced.},
	Author = {Jincai Huang and Shidong Qiao and Zhong Liu and Qing Cheng},
	Booktitle = {IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Intelligent Systems},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-20 08:11:08 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/ICICISYS.2010.5658712},
	Month = {October},
	Pages = {113-117},
	Series = {ICIS},
	Title = {The modeling and Evolvement Analysis Method of operation system of systems based on extension space},
	Volume = {1},
	Year = {2010},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICICISYS.2010.5658712}}

@inproceedings{Santiago:2008,
	Abstract = {Interconnectivity, interoperability, evolution and emergent behavior are some of the key characteristics of system of systems (SOS). Providing end to end quality of service (QoS) for an SOS is a major challenge today because of issues with connectivity, the independent evolution of component systems and their heterogeneity. Heterogeneity of systems is common because of the independent evolution paths and development cycles of the systems. In this paper, we describe an interoperable end to end QoS management solution including concepts, architecture, prototype, and experimental results. Our solution not only provides QoS at systems level, but also ensuring end-to-end QoS across heterogeneous systems at the SOS level. To validate our solution, we analyzed and compared architecture alternatives and developed prototype and experiments employing multiple and varied data dissemination technologies.},
	Author = {Santiago, R. and Guijun Wang and Chen, H. and Changzhou Wang},
	Booktitle = {12th Enterprise Distributed Object Computing Conference Workshops},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-05 11:38:54 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/EDOCW.2008.39},
	Month = {September},
	Pages = {68 -75},
	Title = {Interoperability of End to End Quality of Service (QoS) Management across Heterogeneous Platforms in System of Systems},
	Year = {2008},
	Bdsk-File-1 = {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},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/EDOCW.2008.39}}

@inproceedings{Bodeau:1994,
	Abstract = {There is an increasing trend to treat a collection of individual systems that support a common mission as a single entity and to perform systems engineering activities for that entity. A security engineering process is proposed for systems-of-systems. This process addresses such issues as how to identify and mitigate risks resulting from connectivity, how to integrate security into a target architecture, and how to address the constraints associated with legacy systems},
	Author = {Bodeau, D.J.},
	Booktitle = {10th Annual Computer Security Applications Conference},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-06 10:44:58 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/CSAC.1994.367304},
	Month = {December},
	Pages = {228 -235},
	Title = {System-of-systems security engineering},
	Year = {1994},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/CSAC.1994.367304}}

@inproceedings{Gutierrez-Garcia:2009,
	Abstract = {Collaboration among independent systems to achieve a common objective, which a system alone could not accomplish by itself, requires dynamic composition of the participant systems, in addition to mechanisms for leading the interaction of the resultant system of systems. Here is proposed to model system of systems using a multi-agent system approach, where agents represent stakeholders of the systems. Systems are described and defined in terms of social norms, particularly obligations. In order to assemble a set of systems to construct a system of systems, a system interface is defined; such interface establishes what obligations can be assigned to a system, as well as what obligations can assign the system to other systems. The modeling methodology is component based, where each system is a component, and the composition of the systems gives place to the emergence of a system of systems.},
	Author = {Gutierrez-Garcia, J.O. and Ramos-Corchado, F.F. and Koning, J.-L.},
	Booktitle = {IEEE International Conference on System of Systems Engineering},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-20 08:09:39 -0500},
	Month = {May},
	Series = {SoSE},
	Title = {Obligations as constrainers, descriptors, and linkers of Open System of Systems},
	Year = {2009},
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@inproceedings{Lock:2011,
	Abstract = {Despite increasing interest by organisations in deploying SoS (Systems of Systems) to manage complexity, and promote agility within their businesses, there are a number of research areas that are currently underdeveloped. One of these is the role of standards within organisations which develop, operate and share systems within SoS. The paper is not about what standards should be chosen, or indeed developed. Instead, it explores the information that needs to be elicited and modelled, to reason about the standards that member systems of a SoS adhere to, and to provide a structure within which to promote discussion of the incompatibilities that inevitably arise within large SoS. The paper evaluates the approach taken using a running example based on the supply chain SoS for RAF Nimrod aircraft, in light of the recent investigations into the explosion of an aircraft in 2006. The paper concludes that the interaction of standards within SoS is a complex issue, but that a methodology to discover, model and analyse problems can be developed to further best practice in this area.},
	Author = {Lock, R.},
	Booktitle = {16th IEEE International Conference on Engineering of Complex Computer Systems},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-10 09:40:31 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/ICECCS.2011.22},
	Month = {April},
	Pages = {149 -156},
	Series = {ICECCS},
	Title = {Modelling and Analysing Standard Use within System of Systems},
	Year = {2011},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICECCS.2011.22}}

@inproceedings{Despotou:2009,
	Abstract = {The term Systems of Systems (SoS) has recently been introduced in the systems engineering domain to describe a new class of systems, exhibiting a number of attributes such as complexity, autonomy, and geographic dispersion. The (UK) Ministry of Defence Architectural Framework (MODAF) is a prominent framework used in the defence domain. MODAF is organised in views, each of which focuses on a single aspect of the system operation. Although MODAF addresses a variety of aspects, it does not offer a view defined to provide safety related information. The paper presents the concept of failure maps (F-maps), and how they can be integrated with other MODAF views, and used during safety analysis of a SoS. Failure maps (F-maps) are failure-oriented, deviation-based maps, identifying how dependability failures of SoS elements are associated, affecting the overall SoS operation.},
	Author = {Despotou, G. and Kelly, T.},
	Booktitle = {4th IET International Conference on Systems Safety 2009},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-06 11:05:10 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1049/cp.2009.1534},
	Month = {October},
	Title = {A deviation based Systems of Systems safety view for modelling Architectural Frameworks},
	Year = {2009},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp.2009.1534}}

@inproceedings{Lindvall:2008,
	Abstract = {Many software systems are evolving complex system of systems (SoS) for which inter-system communication is both mission-critical and error-prone. Such communication problems ideally would be detected before deployment. In a NASA-supported Software Assurance Research Program (SARP) project, we are researching a new approach addressing such problems. In this paper, we show that problems in the communication between two systems can be detected by using sequence diagrams to model the planned communication and by comparing the planned sequence to the actual sequence. We identify different kinds of problems that can be addressed by modeling the planned sequence using different level of abstractions.},
	Author = {Lindvall, M. and Ackermann, C. and Stratton, W.C. and Sibol, D.E. and Ray, A. and Yonkwa, L. and Kresser, J. and Godfrey, S. and Knodel, J.},
	Booktitle = {IEEE Aerospace Conference},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-10-30 13:42:18 -0400},
	Doi = {10.1109/AERO.2008.4526571},
	Issn = {1095-323X},
	Month = {March},
	Title = {Using Sequence Diagrams to Detect Communication Problems between Systems},
	Year = {2008},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/AERO.2008.4526571}}

@inproceedings{Kaiser:2003,
	Abstract = { Autonomic computing - self-configuring, self-healing, self-optimizing applications, systems and networks - is widely believed to be a promising solution to ever-increasing system complexity and the spiraling costs of human system management as systems scale to global proportions. Most results to date, however, suggest ways to architect new software constructed from the ground up as autonomic systems, whereas in the real world organizations continue to use stovepipe legacy systems and/or build ''systems of systems'' that draw from a gamut of new and legacy components involving disparate technologies from numerous vendors. Our goal is to retrofit autonomic computing onto such systems, externally, without any need to understand or modify the code, and in many cases even when it is impossible to recompile. We present a meta-architecture implemented as active middleware infrastructure to explicitly add autonomic services via an attached feedback loop that provides continual monitoring and, as needed, reconfiguration and/or repair. Our lightweight design and separation of concerns enables easy adoption of individual components, as well as the full infrastructure, for use with a large variety of legacy, new systems, and systems of systems. We summarize several experiments spanning multiple domains.},
	Author = {Kaiser, G. and Parekh, J. and Gross, P. and Valetto, G.},
	Booktitle = {Proceedings of the Autonomic Computing Workshop},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-10-30 13:03:57 -0400},
	Doi = {10.1109/ACW.2003.1210200},
	Month = {June},
	Pages = {22 - 30},
	Title = {Kinesthetics eXtreme: an external infrastructure for monitoring distributed legacy systems},
	Year = {2003},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ACW.2003.1210200}}

@inproceedings{Stoian:2010,
	Abstract = {This paper intend to introduce a new concept of federative SCADA systems based on cooperative systems, which assure not only the functionally augmentation of individual system by integration, but ensure the global tasks of the federation as required by the envelope model. It presents the concept, the structure of the federation, the services offered and their analysis. The federation addresses different technologies, that can pros-pectively be exploited in order to carry out the integration among several SCADA systems. The proposed federative SCADA architecture components are various interconnected by nature heterogeneous SCADA systems, used for the management of water resources implemented in different companies like Urban Water Supply and Sewerage, Hydropower Plants, Environment Assessment, Meteorological Agency, that operate with several common information. The authors efforts were focused on elaborating of certain strategies for all stand-alone SCADA systems integration, providing an added value by sharing the interoperability of the resulted enhanced-system, time-critical processing which can meet the QoS requirements and synergy among independent systems, to achieve the desired overall system performance. The topic of coordination and interoperability involves system of systems (SoS) approaches.},
	Author = {Stoian, I. and Stancel, E. and Ignat, S. and Balogh, S. and Dancea, O.},
	Booktitle = {IEEE International Conference on Automation Quality and Testing Robotics},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-07 10:59:47 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/AQTR.2010.5520682},
	Month = {May},
	Series = {AQTR},
	Title = {Federative SCADA consideration},
	Volume = {3},
	Year = {2010},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/AQTR.2010.5520682}}

@inproceedings{Chien:2005,
	Abstract = { We describe a network of sensors linked by software and the Internet to an autonomous satellite observation response capability. This system of systems is designed with a flexible, modular, architecture to facilitate expansion in sensors, customization of trigger conditions, and customization of responses. This system has been used to implement a global surveillance program of science phenomena including: volcanoes, flooding, cryosphere events, and atmospheric phenomena. In this paper we describe the importance of the earth observing sensorweb application as well as overall architecture for the system of systems.},
	Author = {Chien, S. and Cichy, B. and Davies, A. and Tran, D. and Rabideau, G. and Castano, R. and Sherwood, R. and Son Nghiem and Greeley, R. and Doggett, T. and Baker, V. and Dohm, J. and Ip, F. and Mandl, D. and Frye, S. and Shulman, S. and Ungar, S. and Brakke, T. and Descloitres, J. and Jones, J. and Grosvenor, S. and Wright, R. and Flynn, L. and Harris, A. and Brakenridge, R. and Cacquard, S.},
	Booktitle = {IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-06 10:56:44 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/ICSMC.2005.1571762},
	Month = {October},
	Pages = {3944 - 3951},
	Title = {An autonomous Earth observing sensorweb},
	Volume = {4},
	Year = {2005},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICSMC.2005.1571762}}

@inproceedings{Acheson:2010,
	Abstract = {The classical approach to developing system architectures starts with the Functional Flow Diagrams (FFD). The FFDs are decomposed into the lowest level necessary to produce the functional architecture. The functional architecture is then organized into logical pieces to produce the physical architecture. The current object-oriented approach to developing the system architecture still starts with the FFDs. But the FFDs are basically a structured methodology which is diametrically opposed to the object-oriented paradigm. Structured methodology focuses on the functions or processes in the system while the object-oriented methodology is based on the objects or nouns in the system. Functions are actions or verbs. Objects are nouns, i.e. person, place, or thing. Thus the structured approach is the opposite of the object-oriented approach. This paper formulates a wholly object-oriented (OO) approach to system architecture development. The advantages of an OO approach to system architecture are the same as the advantages of OO to software architecture, namely the tight coupling and encapsulation within an object and the loose coupling between objects. This type of architecture is well-suited to systems of systems which must be flexible enough to add and remove systems.},
	Author = {Acheson, P.},
	Booktitle = {4th Annual IEEE Systems Conference},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-25 10:37:07 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/SYSTEMS.2010.5729856},
	Month = {April},
	Pages = {643 -646},
	Title = {Methodology for object-oriented system architecture development},
	Year = {2010},
	Bdsk-File-1 = {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},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/SYSTEMS.2010.5729856}}

@inproceedings{Bowen:2010,
	Abstract = {Human detection and tracking is a primary focus for visual surveillance systems. However, current systems for human tracking are often complex and require vast amounts of computing resources. A reduction in complexity of the overall tracking system can be achieved by using a System of Systems (SoS) architecture. Once formed, a SoS architecture must achieve desirable levels of interoperability and integration. Proposed in this paper is a human tracking system that uses a net-centric SoS architecture capable of detecting a human via video surveillance and subsequently providing coordinates for mobile robot tracking. This SoS architecture establishes integration and conceptual interoperability through the standardization of communication and data representation. Within the SoS, communication is accomplished using a client-server architecture while data is structured according to a custom XML framework. The resulting SoS is composed of decentralized independent systems inter-operating on heterogeneous platforms to achieve the ultimate goal of human tracking.},
	Author = {Bowen, R.M. and Sahin, F.},
	Booktitle = {5th International Conference on System of Systems Engineering},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-06 10:46:24 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/SYSOSE.2010.5543992},
	Month = {June},
	Series = {SoSE},
	Title = {A net-centric XML based system of systems architecture for human tracking},
	Year = {2010},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/SYSOSE.2010.5543992}}

@inproceedings{Solano:2011,
	Abstract = {Multi-Int Fusion Systems are complex due to the need to architect a solution that covers a broad domain space with diverse functional requirements. Consequently, some of these requirements can seem orthogonal, such as the need for real-time embedded processing for on-board platforms juxtaposed with large-scale enterprise systems comprising application servers, database farms, and service-oriented architectures. Add to these considerations, the need to address Information Assurance, which includes functionality for confidentiality, integrity, availability, authentication, and non-repudiation - all applied to a broad set of heterogeneous data and implemented across multiple organizations spanning transnational jurisdictions. These challenges render the traditional systems engineering approach ineffective. This paper explores key issues innate to Net-Centric Multi-Int Fusion Systems, and offers SoSE principles for a top-down analysis of functional requirements and guidelines for reconciling design trade-offs - essential steps to ensure the synthesis of a holistic and robust SoS architecture.},
	Author = {Solano, M.A.},
	Booktitle = {6th International Conference on System of Systems Engineering},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-10 09:45:26 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/SYSOSE.2011.5966574},
	Month = {June},
	Pages = {61 -66},
	Series = {SoSE},
	Title = {SoSE architecture principles for Net-Centric Multi-Int Fusion Systems},
	Year = {2011},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/SYSOSE.2011.5966574}}

@inproceedings{Duncan:2011,
	Abstract = {To meet increasing demand worldwide for electricity, efforts are underway to augment today's electrical grid infrastructure with enhanced information technology (IT), creating a Smart Grid capable of advanced monitoring, information exchange, analytics, and control. Because of the nature of the electrical grid, the stakeholders that control and use it, and the interconnectedness of proposed IT solutions, Smart Grid is a system-of-systems (SoS) that warrants new approaches to design. In this paper, the Relational-Oriented Systems Engineering and Technology Tradeoff Analysis (ROSETTA) Environment is assessed in light of Smart Grid system-of-systems (SoS) design. The specific example considered is a demand response (DR) problem of monitoring and leveling peak electricity demand. DR is first presented as an SoS design problem, comprising multiple, managerially independent systems (both human and technical) and subject to a variety of scenarios. Through discussion of the DR example, the intent and structure of ROSETTA is elucidated and initially considered for relevance to Smart Grid SoS design decisions.},
	Author = {Duncan, S.J. and Griendling, K. and Mavris, D.N.},
	Booktitle = {6th International Conference on System of Systems Engineering},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-06 11:09:33 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/SYSOSE.2011.5966603},
	Month = {June},
	Pages = {231 -236},
	Series = {SoSE},
	Title = {An assessment of ROSETTA for smart electricity grid system-of-systems design},
	Year = {2011},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/SYSOSE.2011.5966603}}

@article{Sage:2007,
	Abstract = {Today, many systems within government and industry are typically engineered, not as stand alone systems, but as part of an integrated system of systems, or a federation of systems, or systems family. A significant level of effort has been devoted in the past several years to the development, refinement, and ultimately, acceptance of processes for engineering systems or systems engineering processes. Today, we have four ldquostandardrdquo processes within present and past standards: EIA-632, IEEE 1220, ISO 15288, and MIL-STD-499C. We continue to use systems engineering processes espoused in our current set of standards, and are left to our devices to tailor these processes to one appropriate for a systems family context. This paper will examine the systems engineering processes in existence today and conclude with development of a process designed specifically for systems family applications.},
	Author = {Sage, A.P. and Biemer, S.M.},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-05 11:36:44 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/JSYST.2007.900240},
	Issn = {1932-8184},
	Journal = {IEEE Systems Journal},
	Month = {September},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {5 -16},
	Title = {Processes for System Family Architecting, Design, and Integration},
	Volume = {1},
	Year = {2007},
	Bdsk-File-1 = {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},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/JSYST.2007.900240}}

@inproceedings{Griendling:2011,
	Abstract = {This paper summarizes an approach to using DoDAF to create executable architecture environments. The use of DoDAF to create four types of common executables models is summarized. These modeling types include Markov Chains, Petri Nets, System Dynamics models, and Mathematical graphs. Some aspects of the framework are demonstrated using a suppression of enemy air defenses scenario.},
	Author = {Griendling, K. and Mavris, D.N.},
	Booktitle = {IEEE Aerospace Conference},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-20 08:07:35 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/AERO.2011.5747654},
	Issn = {1095-323X},
	Month = {March},
	Title = {Development of a dodaf-based executable architecting approach to analyze system-of-systems alternatives},
	Year = {2011},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/AERO.2011.5747654}}

@inproceedings{Biswas:2008,
	Abstract = {NASA's pursuit of the Vision for Space Exploration (VSE) has motivated the development of an evolvable communication, navigation and timing architecture for crewed missions, initially to the International Space Station (ISS), followed by destinations to the Moon and eventually Mars. A cost-effective, phased development, leveraging to the maximum extent possible existing and upgradable infrastructure, both within and outside NASA, is being emphasized. The transportation of cargo and crew to the ISS using the Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV), Orion, is currently under development. During this initial mission phase Internet Protocol (IP) based communications, servicing an interoperable System- of-Systems will be developed. The Department of Defense Architecture Framework (DoDAF) processes and prescribed products therein are being used to implement an end-to-end architecture developed using NASA System Engineering practices. In this paper we will provide an overview of the architecting process with a few examples of the NASA applied DoDAF products.},
	Author = {Biswas, A. and Hayden, J. and Phillips, M.S. and Bhasin, K.B. and Putt, C. and Sartwell, T.},
	Booktitle = {IEEE Aerospace Conference},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-06 10:44:06 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/AERO.2008.4526327},
	Issn = {1095-323X},
	Month = {March},
	Title = {Applying DoDAF to NASA Orion Mission Communication and Navigation Architecture},
	Year = {2008},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/AERO.2008.4526327}}

@inproceedings{Callow:2010,
	Abstract = {The verification and validation of autonomous systems, and their relationship with systems engineering, is a challenging problem. They are tasked with achieving goals with reduced (or no) human interaction, and will be verified or validated with respect to the task they should achieve, rather than traditional systems which are assessed as whether they have the necessary capabilities to support an operator in achieving the task. This paper describes ongoing work to develop a systems modelling approach to allow design-time system models to be reused by an autonomous system at runtime. We begin by identifying the properties associated with the engineering of autonomous systems that differentiate them from other types of complex system. A framework to support the verification and validation of aspects of autonomous systems at runtime is then presented, and we develop a specific aspect of this framework-a run-time Computation Independent Model (CIM), using a language from the automated planning domain, the Planning Domain Definition Language (PDDL).},
	Author = {Callow, G. and Watson, G. and Kalawsky, R.},
	Booktitle = {5th International Conference on System of Systems Engineering},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-06 10:52:37 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/SYSOSE.2010.5544117},
	Month = {June},
	Series = {SoSE},
	Title = {System modelling for run-time verification and validation of autonomous systems},
	Year = {2010},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/SYSOSE.2010.5544117}}

@inproceedings{Al-Shukri:2010,
	Abstract = {In last year's conference, we presented a system of systems (SoS) approach for the development of a generalized mathematical model for modeling complex systems with integrated WSNs so that necessary benchmark cases can be derived. Additionally, this will allow for a standardized evaluation of performance measures for the different mobility models of WSNs. The generalized model has been tested mathematically and verified be simulation. In this paper, specific mobility models have been tested against this framework and the results have shown that the generalized model provides a powerful framework for the verification of QoS attributes of different models.},
	Author = {Al-Shukri, S. and Sriram, B. and Lenin, R.B. and Ramaswamy, S.},
	Booktitle = {5th International Conference on System of Systems Engineering},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-25 11:06:37 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/SYSOSE.2010.5544067},
	Month = {June},
	Series = {SoSE},
	Title = {A system of systems approach: A benchmark to WSNs mobility models},
	Year = {2010},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/SYSOSE.2010.5544067}}

@inproceedings{Caffall:2005,
	Abstract = { We propose a system-of-systems construct in which we consider a system-of-systems infrastructure that is composed of controlling software for the system-of-systems, an information transport network, and contract interfaces. We propose that developers create such an infrastructure for an independent system to join the system-of-systems by adherence to the contract interface that is service-oriented and that follows the principles of design-by-contract.},
	Author = {Caffall, D.S. and Michael, J.B.},
	Booktitle = {IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-06 10:52:13 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/ICSMC.2005.1571420},
	Month = {October},
	Pages = {1876 - 1881},
	Title = {Architectural framework for a system-of-systems},
	Volume = {2},
	Year = {2005},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICSMC.2005.1571420}}

@inproceedings{Haley:2008,
	Abstract = {A system of systems (SoS) is formed from existing independent component systems. Some reasons these independent systems might be combined include a merger or acquisition, a temporary partnership, because of the formation of an integrated supply chain, or if a service-oriented architecture is used. SoSs are difficult to analyze because of the scale of the integration, the components #x2019; independent existence, and the (potentially) conflicting nature of their requirements. We propose bridging between requirements analysis and architecture of an SoS by using an interdisciplinary approach. From Software Engineering we take iterating between requirements and architecture, and from Philosophy we take structured argumentation. Iterating between requirements and architecture is ideal for exposing issues with constructing a system of systems from existing artifacts. Structured argumentation is used to explore these issues, to inform the analysis, to reveal underlying assumptions in the analysis, and to help either establish system correctness to an acceptable level or provide rebuttals that invalidate the analysis.},
	Author = {Haley, Charles B. and Nuseibeh, Bashar},
	Booktitle = {International Symposium on Information Technology},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-20 08:10:12 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/ITSIM.2008.4631902},
	Month = {August},
	Series = {ITSim},
	Title = {Bridging requirements and architecture for systems of systems},
	Volume = {4},
	Year = {2008},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ITSIM.2008.4631902}}

@inproceedings{Hause:2010,
	Abstract = {The Unified Profile for DoDAF and MODAF (UPDM) initiative was started by members of INCOSE and the OMG to create a standard profile for DoDAF and MODAF. Although the main goal was to create a standard UML profile for DoDAF and MODAF, UPDM fulfills other goals as well. The standardized format decreases training requirements as well as providing a standard display format, thus improving communication. UPDM also includes concepts found in the recently created Systems Modeling Language (SysML) providing flow-down and traceability to systems development. SysML parametric diagrams provide trade-off analysis via quantitative analysis with equation solvers and simulation tools. SysML also provides requirements traceability with its requirements model and allocation across levels of abstraction and separation of concerns. The US DoD and UK MOD are interested in leveraging commercial standards for their Military Architecture Frameworks and the UPDM standard meets this goal as it is an OMG standard and will be considered for ISO standardization. Interoperability between Military Architecture Framework Tools is provided via OMG XMI. The common meta-model also provides interoperability between MODAF and DoDAF frameworks. Additional frameworks are already planned to be added such as the NATO framework NAF and the Canadian DNDAF. Additional features such as Human Factors, architectural patterns, and information assurance can be more easily integrated. Finally, the number of tool vendors implementing this standard means improved tools, increased competition, and additional choice for system architect. This paper looks at UPDM, how it will improve the state of the art for system architects, and enable interchange of architectural information.},
	Author = {Hause, M.},
	Booktitle = {4th Annual IEEE Systems Conference},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-20 08:10:41 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/SYSTEMS.2010.5482450},
	Month = {April},
	Pages = {426-431},
	Title = {The Unified Profile for DoDAF/MODAF (UPDM) enabling systems of systems on many levels},
	Year = {2010},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/SYSTEMS.2010.5482450}}

@inproceedings{Hatcliff:2012,
	Abstract = {The concept of "system of systems" architecture is increasingly prevalent in many critical domains. Such systems allow information to be pulled from a variety of sources, analyzed to discover correlations and trends, stored to enable real-time and post-hoc assessment, mined to better inform decision-making, and leveraged to automate control of system units. In contrast, medical devices typically have been developed as monolithic stand-alone units. However, a vision is emerging of a notion of a medical application platform (MAP) that would provide device and health information systems (HIS) interoperability, safety critical network middleware, and an execution environment for clinical applications ("apps") that offer numerous advantages for safety and effectiveness in health care delivery. In this paper, we present the clinical safety/effectiveness and economic motivations for MAPs, and describe key characteristics of MAPs that are guiding the search for appropriate technology, regulatory, and ecosystem solutions. We give an overview of the Integrated Clinical Environment (ICE) - one particular achitecture for MAPs, and the Medical Device Coordination Framework - a prototype implementation of the ICE architecture.},
	Author = {Hatcliff, J. and King, A. and Insup Lee and Macdonald, A. and Fernando, A. and Robkin, M. and Vasserman, E. and Weininger, S. and Goldman, J.M.},
	Booktitle = {IEEE/ACM 3rd International Conference on Cyber-Physical Systems},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-20 08:10:37 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/ICCPS.2012.9},
	Month = {April},
	Pages = {3 -12},
	Series = {ICCPS},
	Title = {Rationale and Architecture Principles for Medical Application Platforms},
	Year = {2012},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICCPS.2012.9}}

@article{Christian:2008,
	Abstract = {The global earth observation system of systems (GEOSS) is composed of diverse component systems contributed by members and participating organizations of the group on earth observations (GEO). To enable these diverse components to interoperate, the GEOSS architecture embodies principles given in the GEOSS 10-year implementation plan and reference document. A basic principle is adoption of international standards and common interoperability arrangements, as seen in the contributed facility known as GEOSS Clearinghouse. GEOSS Clearinghouse acts as a cross-cutting discovery tool, encompassing all registered GEOSS components and external catalogs as well. Together, the GEOSS architecture and GEOSS clearinghouse enable GEO members and participating organizations to cooperate in realizing GEOSS. The resulting system of systems is simplifying access to resources for any and all users, including decision makers across the GEO societal benefit areas. This paper explains key GEOSS architecture principles and how GEOSS clearinghouse applies international standards and interoperability arrangements.},
	Author = {Christian, E.J.},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-06 10:57:07 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/JSYST.2008.925977},
	Issn = {1932-8184},
	Journal = {IEEE Systems Journal},
	Month = {September},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {333 -337},
	Title = {GEOSS Architecture Principles and the GEOSS Clearinghouse},
	Volume = {2},
	Year = {2008},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/JSYST.2008.925977}}

@article{Husar:2008,
	Abstract = {DataFed is a distributed web-services-based computing environment for accessing, processing, and rendering environmental data in support of air quality management and science. The flexible, adaptive environment facilitates the access and flow of atmospheric data from provider to users by enabling the creation of user-driven data processing value chains. The approach of DataFed is mediation between users and data providers. DataFed non-intrusively wraps datasets for access by standards-based Web services. The mediator software, composed of Web services, provides homogeneous data views (e.g., geospatial, time views) using a global multi-dimensional data model. Application software written using Web services are data browsers, including Google Earth, and analysis tools for distributed AQ data. Its federated data pool consists of over 100 datasets and the tools have been applied in several air pollution projects. From the point of view of GEOSS, DataFed contributes air quality data (as services) to the shared data pool through the GEOSS Common Infrastructure. It also hosts a decision support system (DSS) in the societal benefit area of air quality. The developers of DataFed actively participate in the GEOSS process included work with Architecture and Data Committee (ADC) and the User Interface Committee (UIC) as well as in interoperability experiments.},
	Author = {Husar, R.B. and Hoijarvi, K. and Falke, S.R. and Robinson, E.M. and Percivall, G.S.},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-20 08:11:15 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/JSYST.2008.2003292},
	Issn = {1932-8184},
	Journal = {IEEE Systems Journal},
	Month = {Sept.},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {366-373},
	Title = {DataFed: An Architecture for Federating Atmospheric Data for GEOSS},
	Volume = {2},
	Year = {2008},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/JSYST.2008.2003292}}

@inproceedings{Huang:2010,
	Abstract = {The modeling and efficiency analysis of C2 System of Systems (C2SoS) is the important issues for the Operation System of Systems (OSoS). Based on FINC model, utilizing the idea of parallel decision theory, the paper gives the formalization method of C2SoS, and the efficiency indicators of C2SoS is given. And then, based on FINC parameters, the paper puts forward the evaluation methods of the efficiency indicators, which is the integration of C2SOS structure efficiency evaluation and node capacity evaluation. At last, the paper validates the methods by the representative cases. The contribution of paper is valuable to modeling and analysis of C2SoS.},
	Author = {Jincai Huang and Weiming Zhang and Guoli Yang and Shidong Qiao},
	Booktitle = {International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-20 08:11:02 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/ICMLC.2010.5580508},
	Month = {July},
	Pages = {2026-2030},
	Series = {ICMLC},
	Title = {The modeling and efficiency analysis method of C2 System Of Systems based on FINC model},
	Volume = {4},
	Year = {2010},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICMLC.2010.5580508}}

@inproceedings{Gonzalez:2008,
	Abstract = {Systems-of-systems (SoS) represent a novel kind of system, for which runtime evolution is a key requirement, as components join and leave during runtime. Current component integration and verification techniques are not enough in such a dynamic environment. In this paper we present ATLAS, an architectural framework that enables the runtime integration and verification of a system, based on the built-in test paradigm. ATLAS augments components with two specific interfaces to add and remove tests, and to provide adequate testability features to run these tests. To illustrate our approach, we present a case study of a dynamic reconfiguration scenario of components, in the maritime safety and security domain, using our implementation of ATLAS for the fractal component model. We demonstrate that built-in testing can be extended beyond development-time component integration testing, to support runtime reconfiguration and verification of component-based systems.},
	Author = {Gonzalez, A. and Piel, E. and Gross, H.-G.},
	Booktitle = {23rd IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering - Workshops},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-20 08:09:26 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/ASEW.2008.4686292},
	Month = {September},
	Pages = {41-48},
	Title = {Architecture support for runtime integration and verification of component-based Systems of Systems},
	Year = {2008},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ASEW.2008.4686292}}

@inproceedings{Oliveira:2007,
	Abstract = {The development of Virtual Environment (VE) systems is a challenging endeavor with a complex problem domain. The experience in the past decade has helped contribute significantly to various measures of software quality of the resulting VE systems. However, the resulting solutions remain monolithic in nature without addressing successfully the issue of system interoperability and software aging. This paper argues that the problem resides in the traditional system centric approach and that an alternative approach based on system of systems engineering is necessary. As a result, the paper presents a reference architecture based on layers, where only the core is required for deployment and all others are optional. The paper also presents an evaluation methodology to assess the validity of the resulting architecture, which was applied to the proposed core layer and involving individual sessions with 12 experts in developing VE systems.},
	Author = {Oliveira, M. and Pereira, J.},
	Booktitle = {17th International Conference on Artificial Reality and Telexistence},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-05 10:09:26 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/ICAT.2007.61},
	Month = {November},
	Pages = {89 -96},
	Title = {Extensible Virtual Environment Systems Using System of Systems Engineering Approach},
	Year = {2007},
	Bdsk-File-1 = {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},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICAT.2007.61}}

@inproceedings{Urwin:2010,
	Abstract = {Scenarios are frequently used within techniques for planning and designing systems. They are an especially helpful means of visualizing and understanding the incorporation of new systems within systems of systems. If used as the basis for decisions about candidate designs, then it is important that such decisions can be rationalized and quantitative assessment is particularly important. In this paper, an approach for developing complex scenarios, which incorporates the phases of systems development and deployment, is presented and a quantitative method of comparison is described. This approach is based on the development of measures of merit and measures of performance. The techniques are illustrated using cases that are relevant to Network Enabled Capability.},
	Author = {Urwin, E.N. and Venters, C.C. and Russell, D.J. and Lu Liu and Zongyang Luo and Webster, D.E. and Henshaw, M. and Jie Xu},
	Booktitle = {5th International Conference on System of Systems Engineering},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-10 09:46:24 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/SYSOSE.2010.5544073},
	Month = {June},
	Series = {SoSE},
	Title = {Scenario-based design and evaluation for capability},
	Year = {2010},
	Bdsk-File-1 = {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},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/SYSOSE.2010.5544073}}

@article{Ramos:2012,
	Abstract = {To engineer the modern large, complex, interdisciplinary systems-of-systems (SoS), the collaborative world teams must #x201C;speak #x201D; the same language and must work on the same #x201C;matter. #x201D; The #x201C;matter #x201D; is the system model and the communication mechanisms must be supported by standard, flexible, and friendly modeling languages. The evolving model-based systems engineering (MBSE) approach is leading the way and is expected to become a standard practice in the field of systems engineering (SE) in the next decade. As an emerging paradigm for the systems of the 21st century, it seems useful to overview its current state of the art concerning the developing standards, the embryonic formalisms, the available modeling languages, the methodologies, and the major applications.},
	Author = {Ramos, A.L. and Ferreira, J.V. and Barcelo, J.},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-05 10:40:51 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/TSMCC.2011.2106495},
	Issn = {1094-6977},
	Journal = {Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part C},
	Month = {January},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {101 -111},
	Title = {Model-Based Systems Engineering: An Emerging Approach for Modern Systems},
	Volume = {42},
	Year = {2012},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TSMCC.2011.2106495}}

@inproceedings{Simpson:2009,
	Abstract = {System of systems deployed in dynamic, adaptable environments represent the potential for the generation of great value, power and functionality. The great potential associated with system of systems deployment is offset by the increased complexity associated with the system of systems design, development, deployment, operation and disposal. This paper explores the connection between classical systems engineering techniques of N Squared Charts and Design Structured Matrices coupled with evolutionary algorithms to address both the cognitive complexity and computational complexity associated with system of systems life-cycle events. The key aspect explored in this paper is the enhancement of human perception using computational techniques. The global organizing system relationships, associated with the system of interest, are addressed by the computational component while the local value and interface relationships are addressed by the human system designers. The proper balance of global and local system relations coupled with advanced computational techniques provides the ability to reduce system complexity and increase the effectiveness of deployed systems and systems of systems operations.},
	Author = {Simpson, J.J. and Simpson, M.J.},
	Booktitle = {IEEE International Conference on System of Systems Engineering},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-10 09:45:08 -0500},
	Month = {June},
	Series = {SoSE},
	Title = {System of systems complexity identification and control},
	Year = {2009},
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@inproceedings{Collins:2004,
	Abstract = { The U.S. Army's Program Executive Officer Combat Support Combat Service Support, Product Manager Army Watercraft Systems (AWS) is developing a concept of operations for the new generation of high-speed, maneuverable watercraft, and has leased two such vessels as part of the theatre support vessel (TSV) advanced concepts technology demonstration (ACTD). These vessels are to have a state-of-the-art command, control, communications, computers, intelligence surveillance reconnaissance (C4ISR) system-of-systems suite, including a wideband satellite networking capability based on the current and future DoD and DISA communications infrastructures, utilizing commercially-based equipment to provide a wide bandwidth, flexible connectivity for both classified and unclassified access to terrestrial networks. The architecture is a DISA-approved asynchronous transfer mode (ATM)-based methodology, utilizing hardware identical to/compliant with systems inherent to the DoD Teleport program. This architecture has two main advantages: it provides a flexible (non-stovepipe) allocation for the various applications and networks operating over the satellite link (e.g., NIPRNET, SIPRNET, VTC), and by it's compliance with DISA Teleport hardware and standards, is compatible with coverage world-wide. This methodology is based upon that developed for the Navy, Army, SOCOM joint experiment, the HSV-XI JOINT VENTURE, which was utilized successfully in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom from February-July of 2003. This paper details this WAN architecture, describing the two implementations of such on board the US Army theater support vessels, the USAV JOINT VENTURE and the USAV SPEARHEAD, as well as how this design is driven by requirements and the current DoD Teleport Program.},
	Author = {Collins, R. and Rupar, M.A. and Romaniak, G.},
	Booktitle = {IEEE Military Communications Conference},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-06 11:00:43 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/MILCOM.2004.1493289},
	Month = {October},
	Pages = {328 - 332},
	Series = {MILCOM},
	Title = {A tactical WAN architecture for the theatre support vessel},
	Volume = {1},
	Year = {2004},
	Bdsk-File-1 = {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},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MILCOM.2004.1493289}}

@article{Sekiguchi:2008,
	Abstract = {As the Earth's ecosystem is a spatially and temporally complex system by nature, it is not sufficient to observe such events and phenomena locally; problems must be solved on a global scale. Therefore, the accumulation of knowledge about the Earth in various forms and a scientifically correct understanding of the Earth are necessary. The authors have been leading the ldquoGlobal Earth Observation (GEO) Gridrdquo project since 2005, which is primarily aimed at providing an e-Science infrastructure for the worldwide Earth sciences community. In the community, there are wide varieties of existing datasets including satellite imagery, geological data, and ground sensed data that each data owner insists own licensing policy. Also, there are so many related projects that will be configured as a virtual organization (VO) enabled by Grid technology. The GEO Grid is designed to integrate all of the relevant data virtually, again enabled by Grid technology, and is accessible as a set of services. In this paper, first we describe design principles of the GEO Grid that are determined based on accommodating users requirements for publishing, managing, and using data. Second, software architecture and its preliminary implementations are specified where we take the Grid computing and Web service technologies as the core components that comply with a standard set of technologies and protocols. In addition, GEO Grid has been recognized to contribute to GEO or Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS) as a part of the Japanese government's commitment.},
	Author = {Sekiguchi, S. and Tanaka, Y. and Kojima, I. and Yamamoto, N. and Yokoyama, S. and Tanimura, Y. and Nakamura, R. and Iwao, K. and Tsuchida, S.},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-05 20:03:35 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/JSYST.2008.925976},
	Issn = {1932-8184},
	Journal = {IEEE Systems Journal},
	Month = {September},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {374 -389},
	Title = {Design Principles and IT Overviews of the GEO Grid},
	Volume = {2},
	Year = {2008},
	Bdsk-File-1 = {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},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/JSYST.2008.925976}}

@inproceedings{Bagdatli:2010,
	Abstract = {This research details the development of a design process and decision-making environment to support the acquisition of an air-based, interoperable, autonomous system-of-systems to support suppression of enemy air defenses missions. The design is done using a three part process, which includes the concurrent development of the DoDAF products, modeling and simulation environment, and decision support environment. In particular, the research focuses on understanding how the interactions, interoperability, and autonomy level of the unmanned aircraft affect the overall mission performance.},
	Author = {Bagdatli, B. and Griendling, K. and Kalpakchian, D. and Jones, E. and Ussery, S. and Ball, J. and Kallman, J. and Mavris, D.},
	Booktitle = {IEEE Aerospace Conference},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-20 08:16:39 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/AERO.2010.5446884},
	Issn = {1095-323X},
	Month = {March},
	Title = {A Method for Examining the Impact of Interoperability on Mission Performance in a System-of-Systems},
	Year = {2010},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/AERO.2010.5446884}}

@inproceedings{Ferguson:2005,
	Abstract = { Project Constellation implements NASA's vision for space exploration to expand human presence in our solar system. The engineering focus of this project is developing a system of systems architecture. This architecture allows for the incremental development of the overall program. Systems can be built and connected in a "Lego style" manner to generate configurations supporting various mission objectives. The development of the avionics or control systems of such a massive project will result in concurrent engineering. Also, each system will have software and the need to communicate with other (possibly heterogeneous) systems. Fortunately, this design problem has already been solved during the creation and evolution of systems such as the Internet and the Department of Defense's successful effort to standardize distributed simulation (now IEEE 1516). The solution relies on the use of a standard layered software framework and a communication protocol. A standard framework and communication protocol is suggested for the development and maintenance of Project Constellation systems. The ARINC 653 standard is a great start for such a common software framework. This paper proposes a common system software framework that uses the Real Time Publish/Subscribe protocol for framework-to-framework communication to extend ARINC 653. It is highly recommended that such a framework be established before development. This is important for the success of concurrent engineering. The framework provides an infrastructure for general system services and is designed for flexibility to support a spiral development effort.},
	Author = {Ferguson, R.C. and Peterson, B.L. and Thompson, H.C.},
	Booktitle = {Digital Avionics Systems Conference},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-20 08:08:34 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/DASC.2005.1563458},
	Series = {DASC},
	Title = {System software framework for system of systems avionics},
	Volume = {2},
	Year = {2005},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/DASC.2005.1563458}}

@inproceedings{Carbon:2008,
	Abstract = {Seamless interoperability across system boundaries and optimally tailored solutions for customers are dominating concerns in the vision of future office infrastructures. This means to change the way how office systems are developed from todaypsilas ad-hoc integration of independent systems towards a collaborative approach for adequate systems of systems. In this paper, we propose a development method based on product line engineering to support the efficient production of customized solutions. The interoperability issues are tackled by a collaboration model separating solution providers and suppliers and by a reference architecture defining clear specifications of the components to be integrated. Together with our production method, interoperability in complex systems of systems is supported by construction.},
	Author = {Carbon, R. and Johann, G. and Muthig, D. and Naab, M.},
	Booktitle = {12th International IEEE Enterprise Distributed Object Computing Conference},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-06 10:53:05 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/EDOC.2008.33},
	Issn = {1541-7719},
	Month = {September},
	Pages = {339 -345},
	Series = {EDOC},
	Title = {A Method for Collaborative Development of Systems of Systems in the Office Domain},
	Year = {2008},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/EDOC.2008.33}}

@inproceedings{McVittie:2012,
	Abstract = {Recent advances in modeling tools and techniques show the promise of significantly improving our ability to effectively apply systems engineering techniques to complex system-of-systems architectures. In this paper we describe our experience with the application of a model-based approach (based on SysML) to the capture and analysis of the end-to-end information systems supporting the first unmanned test flight of the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Exploration Vehicle. The paper describes the EFT-1 mission, the approaches used to define the underlying models, how the models are related, and how viewpoints are used to address specific stakeholder concerns. The paper also provides a brief summary of the observed benefits of this approach as well as key lessons learned.},
	Author = {McVittie, T.I. and Sindiy, O.V. and Simpson, K.A.},
	Booktitle = {IEEE Aerospace Conference},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-10-30 14:51:42 -0400},
	Doi = {10.1109/AERO.2012.6187440},
	Issn = {1095-323X},
	Month = {March},
	Title = {Model-based system engineering of the Orion flight test 1 end-to-end information system},
	Year = {2012},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/AERO.2012.6187440}}

@inproceedings{Ligaarden:2009,
	Abstract = {During the last years, mutual dependencies have been apparent in several incidents in critical infrastructures. This has lead to increased focus on the protection of critical infrastructures. One challenge in protecting critical infrastructures is to understand the impact that mutual dependencies have on the overall risk level. In order to do such an analysis, we first need to be able to model dependencies in critical infrastructures. Several inter-connected critical infrastructures make up a system of systems. In our current work in the DIGIT project we are evaluating whether UML and SysML can be suitable candidates for modeling dependencies in systems of systems. In this paper we will present some preliminary results of the use of UML to model dependencies in systems of systems.},
	Author = {Ligaarden, O.S.},
	Booktitle = {4th International Conference on Critical Infrastructures},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-31 15:15:53 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/CRIS.2009.5071492},
	Month = {April},
	Series = {CRIS},
	Title = {Using UML to model dependencies in systems of systems},
	Year = {2009},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/CRIS.2009.5071492}}

@inproceedings{Rilee:2012,
	Abstract = {Frontier is a web-based framework for concurrent multidisciplinary collaboration on the analysis and design of system architectures associated with systems of systems. Supported by DARPA TTO System F6 (Future, Fast, Flexible, Fractionated, Free-Flying spacecraft architecture), the aim is to develop a framework that can be used to analyze alternative approaches to the use of space. In particular, Frontier aims to support analyses involving radically different viewpoints and approaches that are nonetheless equally legitimate views of the system or architecture under study. Furthermore, Frontier aims to federate these different approaches in a single extensible framework of interoperability standards. Frontier provides a methodology for integrating resources such as engineering tools and libraries for use on Frontier. The plan is to allow Frontier users to use their existing tool chains to produce and consume resources for a world-wide web-enabled aerospace market. Eventually, the goal is to enable aerospace stakeholders, analysts, suppliers, and others to work on distributed projects ranging through entire life cycles, from preliminary studies, collaborative bidding, design, implementation, operation, maintenance, decommissioning, replacement, and so forth. Frontier makes aggressive use of emerging standards and web technologies, especially the semantic web, and with its focus on open source methods it aims to become the way to exchange and collaborate on aerospace data and projects. A semantic bus is used to discipline the exchange of information and to manage translations between different contexts. Social media are available providing multiple ways for Frontier users to interact with each other and the tools and resources available on Frontier. Being a web-based and standards-based framework, new technologies can be brought into Frontier enabling new modalities of use and interaction. A central element of Frontier is a synthetic neural system (SNS) that monitors t- e performance of system tools and aids in both the selection of tools and the development of resources for use on Frontier. Since a key use case of Frontier is the development of analyses to decide between candidate architectures, the SNS aids in the selection and development of analysis tools and even the elements of the candidate architectures themselves. The behavior of the SNS is implemented with Neural Basis Functions that interact via an Evolvable Neural Interface. Chief among these NBFs is an executive function, a ToolUser, and a social interface to the user-facing human interface. Linked together and governed by the Stability Algorithm for Neural Entities (SANE), these NBFs provide the core adaptability of the system. Critical for the future development of space is creation of an adaptable and flexible system into which multiple stakeholders can provide modular capabilities that address their individual needs in as coherent and stable a manner as possible. A stable process for determining candidate architectures that meet as many goals of a community or marketplace of space services is a central goal of the DARPA F6 project. The pathway towards this goal is the SANE approach developed at NASA. In this work, Frontier researchers describe how the development of flexible, viable systems of aerospace systems and services is enabled by the use of artificial intelligence technology originally developed to address the needs of autonomous spacecraft operation in uncertain and irregular (chaotic) situations.},
	Author = {Rilee, M. and Curtis, S. and Clark, P. and Bailin, S.},
	Booktitle = {IEEE Aerospace Conference},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-05 11:14:23 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/AERO.2012.6187441},
	Issn = {1095-323X},
	Month = {March},
	Title = {Frontier, a decision engine for designing stable adaptable complex systems: Adaptive framework},
	Year = {2012},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/AERO.2012.6187441}}

@inproceedings{Abdulrab:2010,
	Abstract = {The paper discusses a system of systems multi-paradigm approach to the modeling of Demand Responsive Transport systems. It contains a brief overview of issues which appear during modeling of such systems, considers various multi-agent architectures and describes some algorithms which can be used for modeling. Also the paper provides some details about previous investigations on this topic, in particular: a centralized model based on combinatorial auctions and a multi-agent based multilayer distributed hybrid model. The aim of the paper is working out a sound solution based on a combination of these two approaches which would utilize a system of systems approach where layered architecture would help to deal with real-time issues and increase system's reliability and combinatorial auctions would help with global search of the optimal solution. Such combination improves the efficiency and reliability of the system.},
	Author = {Abdulrab, H. and Babkin, E. and Satunin, S.},
	Booktitle = {5th International Conference on System of Systems Engineering},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-25 10:33:54 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/SYSOSE.2010.5543956},
	Month = {June},
	Series = {SoSE},
	Title = {A hybrid multi-layered approach to demand responsive transport systems modeling},
	Year = {2010},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/SYSOSE.2010.5543956}}

@inproceedings{Gamble:2008,
	Abstract = {Constructing a complex system-of-systems (SoS) involves integrating two or more components. When integrations overcome isolating mechanisms inherent to heterogeneous components, a SoS is a software hybrid. SoS designers are challenged to create a viable hybrid that reuses significant value from autonomous, component systems while allowing for new, SoS-wide properties to emerge and be reliably maintained. Thus, a SoS is a super-system integrating many designs, yet not identical to any of them. Formalisms beyond architecture definition languages for mismatch are needed to express SoS designs to terms of the properties and structures that promote the determination of the cause of hybrid failure and its resolution. This paper extends a formal specification language to SoS designs within a paradigm based on software speciation, where software systems experience divergent evolution under various forms of isolation to become incompatible. Examples from security audit are used to illustrate the application of the formalism.},
	Author = {Gamble, M.T. and Gamble, R.F.},
	Booktitle = {7th International Conference on Composition-Based Software Systems},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-31 15:16:14 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/ICCBSS.2008.39},
	Month = {February},
	Pages = {154-163},
	Series = {ICCBSS},
	Title = {Reasoning about Hybrid System of Systems Designs},
	Year = {2008},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICCBSS.2008.39}}

@inproceedings{Domerc-andant:2011,
	Abstract = {This research introduces a method to both characterize and measure complexity as it directly relates to military System-of-Systems (SoS) architectures. The complexity measure can then be used to support decision making during the acquisition of a complex system-of-systems that provides a suppression of enemy air defenses capability. The development of the complexity measure focuses on capturing the tradeoffs that occur among the complexity of the individual constituent systems, the interfaces that connect them, as well as the complexity that results from the coordination of numerous different activities, tasks, and functions that must be executed in a programmed sequence to fulfill a capability. The end result will be more informed decision making during the conceptual design phase and the selection of military system-of-systems architectures that achieve a balance between effectiveness and complexity.},
	Author = {Domer{\c c}andant, J.C. and Mavris, D.N.},
	Booktitle = {IEEE Aerospace Conference},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-06 11:08:12 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/AERO.2011.5747653},
	Issn = {1095-323X},
	Month = {March},
	Title = {Measuring the architectural complexity of military Systems-of-Systems},
	Year = {2011},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/AERO.2011.5747653}}

@inproceedings{Eisner:1994,
	Abstract = {An explicit process for designing a unified system of systems (S2) is defined, based upon previous system of systems notions as well as combinatoric functional analysis. The vagaries of selecting a set of compatible systems that upgrade and improve the functionality of a given system of systems are explored. Incompatible systems are screened out and a variety of system ldquo;views rdquo; place in evidence how well the candidate unified systems are apt to satisfy requirements. Generalizations and computer support of the process are discussed. The features of a prototype software system known as EGADS are presented. This decision support system (DSS) can assist the user in developing the overall architecture for a unified system of systems},
	Author = {Eisner, H.},
	Booktitle = {IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-10 09:30:59 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/ICSMC.1994.399837},
	Month = {October},
	Pages = {204 -208},
	Title = {A systems engineering approach to architecting a unified system of systems},
	Volume = {1},
	Year = {1994},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICSMC.1994.399837}}

@inproceedings{Arrott:2009,
	Abstract = {The Ocean Observatories Initiative (OOI) will implement ocean sensor networks covering a diversity of oceanic environments, ranging from the coastal to the deep ocean. Construction will begin in Fall 2009, with deployment phased over five years. The integrating feature of the OOI is a comprehensive Cyberinfrastructure (CI), whose design is based on loosely-coupled distributed services, and whose elements are expected to reside throughout the physical components; from seafloor instruments to autonomous vehicles to deep sea moorings to shore facilities to computing and storage infrastructure. The OOI-CI provides novel capabilities for data acquisition, distribution, modeling, planning and interactive control of oceanographic experiments. The architecture comprises six subsystems: four elements address the oceanographic science- and education-driven operations of the OOI integrated observatory, and two elements provide core infrastructure services for the distributed, message-based, service-oriented integration and communication infrastructure, as well as the virtualization of computational and storage resources. All OOI functional capabilities and resources represent themselves as services to the observatory network, with precisely defined service access protocols based on message exchange. This paper presents an overview of the OOI services and focuses on the strategy for service-oriented integration and the publish-subscribe model for communication.},
	Author = {Arrott, M. and Chave, A.D. and Farcas, C. and Farcas, E. and Kleinert, J.E. and Krueger, I. and Meisinger, M. and Orcutt, J.A. and Peach, C. and Schofield, O. and Singh, M.P. and Vernon, F.L.},
	Booktitle = {MTS/IEEE Biloxi - Marine Technology for Our Future: Global and Local Challenges},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-10 10:01:05 -0500},
	Month = {October},
	Pages = {1 -9},
	Series = {OCEANS},
	Title = {Integrating marine observatories into a system-of-systems: Messaging in the US Ocean Observatories Initiative},
	Year = {2009},
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@inproceedings{Drusinksy:2005,
	Abstract = { Studies have suggested that formal specifications and lightweight formal methods help improve the clarity and precision of the requirements specification. This paper describes a process to augment the current informal approaches to system-of-systems development by introducing temporal assertions to capture the safety-critical and mission-essential system requirements and runtime model checking to evaluate the system designs and implementation. The process allows users to develop and validate temporal assertions iteratively via simulation with multiple scenarios, and to use the assertions to automate the testing of the system-of-systems under development as well as armor-plating the target system against any unexpected behaviors at runtime.},
	Author = {Drusinksy, D. and Shing, M.-T.},
	Booktitle = {IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-06 11:09:10 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/ICSMC.2005.1571418},
	Month = {October},
	Pages = {1864 - 1869},
	Title = {Creation and evaluation of formal specifications for system-of-systems development},
	Volume = {2},
	Year = {2005},
	Bdsk-File-1 = {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},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICSMC.2005.1571418}}

@inproceedings{Warren:2008,
	Abstract = {We introduce a process-neutral framework for software reuse in safety-critical system-of-systems, and present a new model, called C5RA, to capture the relevant component information and to assist in reusable component specification matching that takes software safety into account. The framework consists of four elements: organizational factors, component attributes, component specification, and safety analysis. The paper also presents a set of software safety metrics for indicating the potential safety problems and risks in reusing the components. We illustrate the application of the framework with an example involving the reuse of a generic avionics software component. Our key findings and products are: congruence between all elements is required; software should posses a number of attributes with metrics that support a design for safety; software component information can be specified using C5RA; and a process was identified for a system-of-systems hazard analysis for software reuse.},
	Author = {Warren, B. and Michael, J.B. and Man-Tak Shing},
	Booktitle = {IEEE International Conference on System of Systems Engineering},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-10 09:47:20 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/SYSOSE.2008.4724199},
	Month = {June},
	Series = {SoSE},
	Title = {A framework for software reuse in safety-critical system-of-systems},
	Year = {2008},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/SYSOSE.2008.4724199}}

@inproceedings{Maier:2005,
	Abstract = { Collaborative assemblages, systems-of-systems in the terms of the conference, pose specific challenges for design and development. These challenges are distinct from those of conventional systems, and have received relatively little research attention. These challenges are relatively clearly demonstrated in looking at example systems of current interest. The principle challenges are in joint design of social and technical equilibria, description and analysis of upper layer structures (as distinct from the bulk of network description and analysis methods), architectures as invariant elements, and sequential decision making on technology and system roadmaps with large uncertainty. },
	Author = {Maier, M.W.},
	Booktitle = {IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-10-30 14:31:43 -0400},
	Doi = {10.1109/ICSMC.2005.1571630},
	Month = {October},
	Pages = {3149 - 3154},
	Title = {Research Challenges for Systems-of-Systems},
	Volume = {4},
	Year = {2005},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICSMC.2005.1571630}}

@inproceedings{Bodeau:1993,
	Abstract = {To gather and organize the information needed to perform a risk analysis of a complex system-of-systems, a risk analyst needs a well-defined set of modeling constructs. This paper describes the system/network modeling constructs being incorporated into Version 2.0 of the ANSSR (Analysis of Networked Systems Security Risks) prototype. These allow an analyst to describe a complex system-of-systems at varying levels of abstraction, to represent a variety of networking situations, including the capability for multiple systems to share a common backbone network and the use of COMSEC (communications security) safeguards, and to describe system architectures. These modeling constructs are thus of interest not only to risk analysts but also to security architects and engineers},
	Author = {Bodeau, D.J. and Chase, F.N.},
	Booktitle = {9th Annual Computer Security Applications Conference},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-06 10:44:33 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/CSAC.1993.315444},
	Month = {December},
	Pages = {140 -148},
	Title = {Modeling constructs for describing a complex system-of-systems},
	Year = {1993},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/CSAC.1993.315444}}

@inproceedings{Abbott:2006,
	Abstract = {Systems of systems differ from traditional systems in that they are open at the top, open at the bottom, and continually (but slowly) evolving. "Open at the top" means that there is no pre-defined top level application. New applications may be created at any time. "Open at the bottom" means that the system primitives are defined functionally rather than concretely. This allows the implementation of these primitives to be modified as technology changes. "Continually (but slowly) evolving" means that the system's functionality is stable enough to be useful but is understood to be subject to modification. Systems with these properties tend to be environments within which other systems operate - and hence are systems of systems. It is also important to understand the larger environment within which a system of systems exists},
	Author = {Abbott, R.},
	Booktitle = {IEEE/SMC International Conference on System of Systems Engineering},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-10 09:57:35 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/SYSOSE.2006.1652271},
	Month = {April},
	Pages = {41-46},
	Series = {SoSE},
	Title = {Open at the top; open at the bottom; and continually (but slowly) evolving},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-File-1 = {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},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/SYSOSE.2006.1652271}}

@inproceedings{Lee:2009,
	Abstract = {The purpose of developing an architecture is for beneficial use of it. A good set of architectural artifacts are easy to manipulate in achieving the purpose of usage well. Systems engineering methodologies evolve to deal with SoS level problems. And DoD's JCIDS is a good example which demonstrates SoS level problems using the capability based assessment (CBA) methodology. However, the complexity of the architecture makes it difficult to develop and use the architectural artifacts. DoDAF states that it was established to guide the development of architectures and to satisfy the demands of a structured, repeatable method for evaluating the architecture. Despite its intention, much of the community felt that the core architecture data model(CADM) of DoDAF was too complex and the complexity causes unnecessary cost and risk, the architecting result has been received with weak and delayed acceptance. Additionally, the meeting of the envisioned goals have fallen short. CADM 2.0 is being developed to overcome the complexity of building and using architecture, to incorporate CBA process, and to meet the challenges of SoS problems. This paper proposes a metamodel that is less complex and that supports CBA methodology. The proposed metamodels are developed as an abstract form using MECE principles and architecting methodology based on JCIDS Overlay Protocol of DoDAF 2.0.},
	Author = {Joongyoon Lee and Youngwon Park},
	Booktitle = {10th ACIS International Conference on Software Engineering, Artificial Intelligences, Networking and Parallel/Distributed Computing},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-10 09:39:57 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/SNPD.2009.101},
	Month = {May},
	Pages = {364 -369},
	Series = {SNPD},
	Title = {A Study on the Abstracted Metamodel of DoDAF 2.0 for CBA Methodology Execution},
	Year = {2009},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/SNPD.2009.101}}

@inproceedings{Vila:2007,
	Abstract = {High tempo battlefield requirements, rapidly evolving communications/information technologies and the need to include legacy components, call for a system-of- systems engineering approach in the development of data fusion enabled networks (DFEN). System-of- systems engineers are concerned with large scale interdisciplinary issues combining multiple, heterogeneous, distributed systems that are embedded in networks at multiple levels and multiple domains. These issues are also of concern to data fusion engineers because the networks being engineered to resolve the issues are the environment in which future data fusion systems must perform successfully. This paper is a description of a system-of-systems approach to the development of DFEN's. Applying system-of-systems techniques, a DFEN software and hardware infrastructure is being developed The infrastructure is being developed as a capability within a network enabled C4ISR infrastructure, using a service oriented architecture (SOA) and a DFEN specific ontology. Within this framework, important aspects of data fusion system development can be addressed in a process-driven, scalable and evolvable manner.},
	Author = {Vila, V.},
	Booktitle = {10th International Conference on Information Fusion},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-05 21:17:16 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/ICIF.2007.4408141},
	Month = {July},
	Title = {Data fusion enabled networks},
	Year = {2007},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICIF.2007.4408141}}

@inproceedings{Wu:2004,
	Abstract = { Due to the immaturity of practice and the increasing complexity of system-of-systems (SOS), there have been obvious needs to develop a systematic methodology that enables the evolution of such systems. This paper presents a prototype design for a synthetic systems evolution environment (SEE). We will investigate new methods, tools to properly manage and instruct the evolution practice by leveraging system architecture knowledge, outline the purpose of the environment, describes the concept of operations, detail the main junctions, processes in utilizing the system architecture, knowledge for systems evolution, and introduces the initial high-level architecture design. Furthermore, we will document the approach for developing the environment.},
	Author = {Jie Wu and Qiulin Ding},
	Booktitle = {IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-05 21:43:18 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/ICSMC.2004.1400639},
	Issn = {1062-922X},
	Month = {October},
	Pages = {2114 - 2118},
	Title = {An approach for systems evolution},
	Volume = {3},
	Year = {2004},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICSMC.2004.1400639}}

@inproceedings{Michael:2009,
	Abstract = {In this paper we discuss the verification and validation of software architecture for system of systems. Software architecture plays a vital role in the systematic construction of large systems of systems; it defines the design space and provides a road map leading to the successful construction of system of systems that meet the functional and non-functional requirements. Moreover, a good architecture must allow the system of systems to evolve to meet new requirements due to change in mission. This paper introduces a mathematical model to tie the non-functional requirements of software systems to their architecture, and presents an approach to evaluate the quality of software architecture in light of meeting the requirements.},
	Author = {Michael, J.B. and Riehle, R. and Man-Tak Shing},
	Booktitle = {IEEE International Conference on System of Systems Engineering},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-10 09:41:59 -0500},
	Month = {May},
	Series = {SoSE},
	Title = {The verification and validation of software architecture for systems of systems},
	Year = {2009},
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@inproceedings{Ackermann:2009,
	Abstract = {Software architecture has become essential in the struggle to manage today's increasingly large and complex systems. Software architecture views are created to capture important system characteristics on an abstract and, thus, comprehensible level. As the system is implemented and later maintained, it often deviates from the original design specification. Such deviations can have implication for the quality of the system, such as reliability, security, and maintainability. Software architecture compliance checking approaches, such as the reflexion model technique, have been proposed to address this issue by comparing the implementation to a model of the systems' architecture design. However, architecture compliance checking approaches focus solely on structural characteristics and ignore behavioral conformance. This is especially an issue in Systems-of-Systems. Systems-of-Systems (SoS) are decompositions of large systems, into smaller systems for the sake of flexibility. Deviations of the implementation to its behavioral design often reduce the reliability of the entire SoS. An approach is needed that supports the reasoning about behavioral conformance on architecture level.In order to address this issue, we have developed an approach for comparing the implementation of a SoS to an architecture model of its behavioral design. The approach follows the idea of reflexion models and adopts it to support the compliance checking of behaviors. In this paper, we focus on sequencing properties as they play an important role in many SoS. Sequencing deviations potentially have a severe impact on the SoS' correctness and qualities. The desired behavioral specification is defined in UML sequence diagram notation and behaviors are extracted from the SoS implementation. The behaviors are then mapped to the model of the desired behavior and the two are compared. Finally, a reflexion model is constructed that shows the deviations between behavioral design and implementation. This- paper discusses the approach and shows how it can be applied to investigate reliability issues in SoS.},
	Author = {Ackermann, C. and Lindvall, M. and Cleaveland, R.},
	Booktitle = {20th International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-10 09:59:42 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/ISSRE.2009.27},
	Issn = {1071-9458},
	Month = {November},
	Pages = {175 -184},
	Series = {ISSRE},
	Title = {Towards Behavioral Reflexion Models},
	Year = {2009},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ISSRE.2009.27}}

@inproceedings{Dimarogonas:2004,
	Abstract = { Within army transformation towards the future force concept, C4ISR architectures play the central role in the evolution of the systems and the doctrine. The scope and size of C41SR has increased significantly over the past few years, and material developers are trying to evolve their C4ISR architecture concepts and development methods to be able to satisfy these trends. In the process, they are discovering that many of the methods and processes used in the past are not adequate to handle the increased scope and size, as well as the compressed development timelines. The C4ISR architecture framework is at the center of all developments, that provides the templates (called "views") of how to capture C4ISR system design information, and it's intended operational use. While this framework is still valid, the current use of the framework lacks the rigor and consistency of a theoretical systematic approach of how to generate and interrelate the underlying design data. In this paper we present a rigorous mathematical framework augmenting the existing architecture framework, to provide a systematic way of capturing and generating the C4ISR system design data and translating it in standard architecture framework views. The approach starts with defining a metamodel of the design, which is used to capture the system of systems (SoS) design parameters, the sub-system design parameters, and their relationships with the operating requirements. We then define the C2, communications and sensor requirements/capabilities of the system, and through a rigorous mathematical framework of relating this data with operational data about the intended use, we create a set of analytical expressions that generate data which when put in the appropriate format form the basis of the C4ISR architecture views. This way we have full traceability between the system design and the architecture framework views. This approach is rigorous, systematic, and can generate all the data and the architecture views in much shorter timelines and greater consistency and accuracy, while providing a much more robust basis for the design.},
	Author = {Dimarogonas, J.},
	Booktitle = {IEEE Military Communications Conference},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-06 11:06:27 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/MILCOM.2004.1493242},
	Month = {October},
	Pages = {28 - 33},
	Series = {MILCOM},
	Title = {A theoretical approach to C4ISR architectures},
	Volume = {1},
	Year = {2004},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MILCOM.2004.1493242}}

@inproceedings{Singh:2009,
	Abstract = {System of systems (SoS) architecting techniques rely on traditional, static tools that were designed for classical stove-piped systems. There is a need for tools that can capture the complex adaptive nature of such SoS. An architecture search methodology using genetic algorithms and a fuzzy assessor was applied to the conceptual architecture design of a generic smart grid and a set of architectures with high fitness was obtained. This set of architectures is intended to serve as a starting point for a systems architect to ultimately be able to converge on the best system design. The SoS architecting process has largely remained heuristic in nature and there exists a need for quantitative and analytical models. The research presented in this paper provides a starting point for a mathematical basis to the SOS architecting process.},
	Author = {Singh, A. and Dagli, C.H.},
	Booktitle = {3rd Annual IEEE Systems Conference},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-05 20:21:59 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/SYSTEMS.2009.4815801},
	Month = {March},
	Pages = {218 -223},
	Title = {Multi-objective stochastic heuristic methodology for tradespace exploration of a network centric system of systems},
	Year = {2009},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/SYSTEMS.2009.4815801}}

@inproceedings{Jain:2011,
	Abstract = {IT Architectures, rather than being static, must now constantly evolve and adapt to changes driven by new technologies, increasing business partnerships, and end-user expectations. In addition, continuously increasing architecture complexity demands for a rigorous evaluation of performance. ArchEE #x2122;, a BPMN model-based systems engineering capability, fulfills the emerging SoSE need of making informed evolution decisions of mission oriented IT architectures in a timely manner. The ArchEE model structure facilitates simultaneous evolutions of operational and systems architecture components by different stakeholders. It also enables rapid integration of component models for alternative architectures for a specific mission and its evaluation via simulation. ArchEE uses the same model for qualitative and quantitative analysis throughout the SoSE process. This paper describes and illustrates the ArchEE capability via Fire and Counter-fire battle management scenarios, comparing the mission effectiveness of the new design against the existing systems.},
	Author = {Jain, P.},
	Booktitle = {6th International Conference on System of Systems Engineering},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-10 09:39:03 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/SYSOSE.2011.5966581},
	Month = {June},
	Pages = {101 -106},
	Series = {SoSE},
	Title = {Architecture evolution and evaluation (ArchEE) capability},
	Year = {2011},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/SYSOSE.2011.5966581}}

@inproceedings{Cole:2006,
	Abstract = {In the past, requirements were the principal tool for defining the problem, with architecture being the domain of the designer. This makes sense under a static model in which user requirements are well understood, technology is evolving slowly, organizational dynamics can be mapped out in advance and external interfaces are stable. The system-of-systems environment is anything but static. This paper examines two key challenges in defining architecture and requirements in a dynamic system-of-systems context: (1) the use of architecture in defining the problem; (2) co-evolution of systems},
	Author = {Cole, R.},
	Booktitle = {IEEE/SMC International Conference on System of Systems Engineering},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-06 11:00:16 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/SYSOSE.2006.1652265},
	Month = {April},
	Series = {SoSE},
	Title = {The changing role of requirements and architecture in systems engineering},
	Year = {2006},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/SYSOSE.2006.1652265}}

@inproceedings{Shing:2006,
	Abstract = {The paper concerns the quality assurance of the timing properties of complex, real-time, reactive system-of-systems. It builds upon our previous work on run-time model checking of timing properties and the automatic white-box testing based on run-time assertion checking, and brings together several technologies to improve the predictability of the system-of-systems' logical and timing behavior. The paper presents microkernel architecture for evolvable system-of-systems to isolate the computations that are likely to change with time from the basic control logics that are invariant in the application domain, and a testing methodology that is based on formal statechart assertions. We demonstrate the approach with a conceptual design of ballistic missile defense battle management software},
	Author = {Shing, M.-T. and Drusinsky, D. and Cook, T.S.},
	Booktitle = {IEEE/SMC International Conference on System of Systems Engineering},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-05 20:06:00 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/SYSOSE.2006.1652300},
	Month = {April},
	Title = {Quality assurance of the timing properties of real-time, reactive system-of-systems},
	Year = {2006},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/SYSOSE.2006.1652300}}

@inproceedings{Fernandes:2009,
	Abstract = {Enterprise architecture development is inherently collaborative in nature, where members of the model development team share different perspectives and facets of the enterprise or system. In this paper, we describe an approach by which the executable content of enterprise architectures can be extracted from core enterprise architectural modeling languages (e.g., IDEF, UML) and be extended to develop abstractions of various discrete simulation paradigms such as Colored Petri nets, Monte Carlo, and Discrete Event Simulation. We also describe the use of representation structures at various levels of abstraction to enable collaboration by members of the systems modeling and simulation team in order to perform numerous verification and validation checks of the system or system-of-systems that is being modeled. Use of various levels of enterprise architecture abstractions facilitates not only model reuse but also collaborative effort within a team of diverse skills ranging from domain expertise, enterprise modeling, abstract and concrete simulation modeling, and design of experiments.},
	Author = {Fernandes, R. and Biyan Li and Benjamin, P. and Mayer, R.},
	Booktitle = {International Symposium on Collaborative Technologies and Systems},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-20 08:08:43 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/CTS.2009.5067522},
	Month = {May},
	Pages = {520 -527},
	Title = {Collaboration support for executable enterprise architectures},
	Year = {2009},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/CTS.2009.5067522}}

@inproceedings{Boxer:2009a,
	Abstract = {An enterprise architecture is an accepted, widely used means for an organization to capture the relationship of its business operations to the systems and data that support them. Increasingly, enterprises are participating in complex system-of-systems contexts in order to meet changing customer demands that require them to collaborate with other enterprises in new and innovative ways. For a complex system-of-systems context, a shortcoming of enterprise architecture is that it presumes a single enterprise or a single, ultimate source of control. This paper explores an approach to reasoning about distributed collaboration in the complex system-of-systems, multi-enterprise context, in which this single, ultimate source of control does not exist. It outlines the ways in which the long-used Zachman Framework for enterprise architecture would need to be modified to account for multi-enterprise collaboration and decentralized governance. It proposes a concept of stratification to meet this need and puts forward the main characteristics of the methods needed to model the stratified relationships of complex systems-of-systems to their contexts-of-use.},
	Author = {Boxer, P.J. and Garcia, S.},
	Booktitle = {3rd Annual IEEE Systems Conference},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-06 10:46:42 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/SYSTEMS.2009.4815807},
	Month = {March},
	Pages = {253 -256},
	Title = {Enterprise architecture for complex system-of-systems contexts},
	Year = {2009},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/SYSTEMS.2009.4815807}}

@inproceedings{Bull:2010,
	Abstract = {There is growing recognition within industry that for system growth to be sustainable, the way in which existing assets are used must be improved. Future systems are being developed with a desire for dynamic behaviour and a requirement for dependability at mission critical and safety critical levels. These levels of criticality require predictable performance and as such have traditionally not been associated with adaptive systems. The software architecture proposed for such systems is based around a publish/subscribe model, an approach that, while adaptive, does not typically support critical levels of performance. There is, however, the scope for dependability within such architectures through the use of Quality of Service (QoS) methods. QoS is used in systems where the distribution of resources cannot be decided at design time. A QoS based framework is proposed for providing adaptive and dependable behaviour for future large-scale system-of-systems. Initial simulation results are presented to demonstrate the benefits of QoS.},
	Author = {Bull, P. and Grigg, A. and Lin Guan and Phillips, I.},
	Booktitle = {5th International Conference on System of Systems Engineering},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-06 10:49:16 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/SYSOSE.2010.5544115},
	Month = {June},
	Series = {SoSE},
	Title = {A quality of service framework for adaptive and dependable large scale system-of-systems},
	Year = {2010},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/SYSOSE.2010.5544115}}

@inproceedings{Simanta:2010,
	Abstract = {In today's rapidly changing environment it is no longer possible for isolated systems to provide all the capabilities that are necessary to fulfill a mission. Therefore, there is an increasing trend towards interconnected systems of systems that provide capabilities not available in a single system. However, existing software and system engineering practices do not scale well to SoS-engineering a system of systems (SoS) is still an open problem with significant challenges. Understanding these challenges and providing engineering solutions will require a two-pronged approach. First, a top-down approach that models an SoS at an abstract level is essential to understand key concerns that exist independent of the technologies used to implement the SoS. SoS research challenges about these concerns are well understood now. Second, a bottom-up approach that focuses on abstracting the concepts and lessons learned from specific examples of engineering systems of systems is needed. Currently, the most common approaches for engineering software-intensive systems of systems are service-oriented architecture (SOA), Grid Computing, and Cloud Computing - all of which are distributed computing paradigms. In the future, newer technologies may replace or complement these existing engineering approaches. This paper focuses on the bottom-up approach by exploring several areas where lessons learned from SOA implementations can be abstracted and applied to systems of systems, regardless of the implementation technology.},
	Author = {Simanta, S. and Morris, E. and Lewis, G.A. and Smith, D.B.},
	Booktitle = {4th Annual IEEE Systems Conference},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-05 20:12:56 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/SYSTEMS.2010.5482444},
	Month = {April},
	Pages = {634 -639},
	Title = {Engineering lessons for systems of systems learned from service-oriented systems},
	Year = {2010},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/SYSTEMS.2010.5482444}}

@inproceedings{Alghamdi:2010,
	Abstract = {C4I (command, control, communications, computer and intelligence) system is a complex system of systems that enables the military commander to achieve decision superiority by affecting adversary's information and information based processes while protecting one`s own information systems. Owing to the sensitivity of military information the security threats to C4I systems are real and growing therefore security is a major challenge in order to maintain integrity, confidentiality, availability and accountability. Different Models and architectures frameworks e.g. DODAF, CDSA have been proposed which decompose the detail structure of C4I systems however these models and frameworks do not provide mechanism to capture associated security risks and issues. Threat modeling is the process to understand different ways system can be attacked which helps towards secure system design and implement countermeasures. This paper suggests that using threat modeling could help to eradicate or reduce the effect of advancing threats to C4I systems. In this paper we also identify how security can be modeled in top down manner e.g. from architecture level to lower level of modeling so that countermeasures can be incorporated on system level rather than on bit by bit basis.},
	Author = {Alghamdi, A.S. and Hussain, T. and Faraz Khan, G.},
	Booktitle = {12th International Conference on Computer Modelling and Simulation},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-10 10:00:53 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/UKSIM.2010.31},
	Month = {March},
	Pages = {131 -136},
	Series = {UKSim},
	Title = {Enhancing C4I Security Using Threat Modeling},
	Year = {2010},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/UKSIM.2010.31}}

@inproceedings{Rhodes:2009,
	Abstract = {Engineering systems is a field of scholarship focused on developing fundamental theories and methods to address the challenges of large-scale complex systems in context of their socio-technical environments. The authors describe facets of their recent and ongoing research within the field of engineering systems to develop constructs and methods for architecting enterprises engaged in system-of-systems (SoS) engineering,. The ultimate goal of the research is to develop a framework for characterizing, designing, and evaluating SoS enterprise architectures throughout the system lifespan as various forces result in entering/exiting of constituent systems, changing environment, and shifting enterprise profile. The nature of systems-of-systems demands constructs for multi-dimensional architectural descriptions, as well as methods for design and evaluation that employ dynamic approaches. In this paper, two important elements in an emerging framework are described, including a holistic enterprise architecting framework and an epoch-based analysis method for examining possible futures of the SoS enterprise.},
	Author = {Rhodes, D.H. and Ross, A.M. and Nightingale, D.J.},
	Booktitle = {3rd Annual IEEE Systems Conference},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-05 10:51:03 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/SYSTEMS.2009.4815796},
	Month = {March},
	Pages = {190 -195},
	Title = {Architecting the system of systems enterprise: Enabling constructs and methods from the field of engineering systems},
	Year = {2009},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/SYSTEMS.2009.4815796}}

@inproceedings{Bonilla:2005,
	Abstract = {As systems and systems of systems become more prevalent and complex the need to tightly couple architectures and end-to-end network models and generate them automatically becomes imperative in order to maintain efficiencies, accuracy and detail. Network models that reflect true end-to-end architectures need to encompass terrestrial, wireless and satellite components and be highly detailed to truly represent all of the complexities in a worldwide communications network. Based on our experience as a systems integrator where we focus on end-to-end communications, systems architectures and integrated network models that reflect those architectures we have gained efficiencies and accuracy through our tools and processes. Our use of best-in-class tools including OPNET, satellite tool kit, Popkin System Architecttrade and their well known XML-friendly definitions, such as OPNET Modeler'strade data type description, or socket-based data transfer modules, such as STKtrade/Connect, enable the sharing of data between applications for more rapid development of end-to-end system architectures and a more complete system design. By sharing the results of and integrating best-in-class tools we are able to: (1) promote sharing of data; (2) enhance the fidelity of our results; and (3) allow network and application performance to be viewed in the context of the entire enterprise and its processes},
	Author = {Bonilla, E. and Britton, J.S. and Gordon, M.M. and Scheidt, M.P. and Williams, R.P.},
	Booktitle = {IEEE Aerospace Conference},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-06 10:45:41 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/AERO.2005.1559426},
	Month = {March},
	Pages = {1363 -1369},
	Title = {Automated generation of integrated architectures and end-to-end network models},
	Year = {2005},
	Bdsk-File-1 = {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},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/AERO.2005.1559426}}

@inproceedings{Cloutier:2008,
	Abstract = {Analyzing systems using functional analysis has been the mainstream for systems engineering for five decades. With the advent of object oriented software methods and the object management group's (OMG) Unified Modeling LanguageTM (UML), a number of systems engineers working on software intensive systems began to apply use cases and object oriented analysis and design (OOAD) methods to large scale, complex systems. While the use of these OO methods is still controversial within the systems engineering community, many systems engineers that apply OO methods effectively have used functional analysis and understand the strengths of both methods. FireSAT is a well known fictitious system of systems space mission to provide a space based approach to wildfire detection, monitor and control. This paper will explore the use of OOAD methods to FireSAT for problem definition, concept development, and system architecture development. Using the OMG's recently adopted System Modeling LanguageTM (SysML) and more traditional Systems engineering modeling techniques, this paper will compare and contrast some of the differences between OO and functional methods, showing diagrams from each approach.},
	Author = {Cloutier, R. and Griego, R.},
	Booktitle = {2nd Annual IEEE Systems Conference},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-06 10:59:20 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/SYSTEMS.2008.4519058},
	Month = {April},
	Title = {Applying Object Oriented Systems Engineering to Complex Systems},
	Year = {2008},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/SYSTEMS.2008.4519058}}

@article{Alderson:2010,
	Abstract = {There exists a widely recognized need to better understand and manage complex #x201C;systems of systems, #x201D; ranging from biology, ecology, and medicine to network-centric technologies. This is motivating the search for universal laws of highly evolved systems and driving demand for new mathematics and methods that are consistent, integrative, and predictive. However, the theoretical frameworks available today are not merely fragmented but sometimes contradictory and incompatible. We argue that complexity arises in highly evolved biological and technological systems primarily to provide mechanisms to create robustness. However, this complexity itself can be a source of new fragility, leading to #x201C;robust yet fragile #x201D; tradeoffs in system design. We focus on the role of robustness and architecture in networked infrastructures, and we highlight recent advances in the theory of distributed control driven by network technologies. This view of complexity in highly organized technological and biological systems is fundamentally different from the dominant perspective in the mainstream sciences, which downplays function, constraints, and tradeoffs, and tends to minimize the role of organization and design.},
	Author = {Alderson, D.L. and Doyle, J.C.},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-25 11:06:37 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/TSMCA.2010.2048027},
	Issn = {1083-4427},
	Journal = {IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, Part A: Systems and Humans},
	Month = {July},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {839 -852},
	Title = {Contrasting Views of Complexity and Their Implications For Network-Centric Infrastructures},
	Volume = {40},
	Year = {2010},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TSMCA.2010.2048027}}

@inproceedings{Thompson:2006,
	Abstract = {Predictive universal layered sensor exploitation network (PULSENettrade) is a large Northrop Grumman Internal Research and Development (IRAD) effort. PULSENettrade is a solution designed to solve a number of complex and cumbersome sensor asset problems. PULSENet addresses these core problems and others by integrating disparate sensors and sensor data into a service-oriented architecture (SOA) based on open geospatial consortium (OGCreg) sensor Web enablement (SWE) Web services. PULSENet allows the DoD and intelligence community to take the large and increasing inventory of sensor assets available to our warfighters and analysts and turn them into a coordinated, persistent surveillance system-of-systems. SensorML and the SWE framework also support semantic Web technologies. The PULSENettrade architecture describes sensors and their data in common, XML-based formats: sensor model language (SensorML) for sensor description and observations and measurements (O amp;M) for sensor data. PULSENet combines these standard services and formats for sensor data with existing OGC Web services for map data to provide end-users with improved sensor data fusion, data mapping, and data mining capabilities and an enhanced common operating picture (COP) for multiple target detection and tracking},
	Author = {Thompson, S. and Kastanowski, J. and Fairgrieve, S.},
	Booktitle = {IEEE Military Communications Conference},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-10 09:45:57 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/MILCOM.2006.302510},
	Month = {October},
	Series = {MILCOM},
	Title = {PULSENet(TM)},
	Year = {2006},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MILCOM.2006.302510}}

@inproceedings{Jian:2010,
	Abstract = {The quantitative evaluation of system-of-systems architecture is a very important content in the research area of system-of-systems. The framework of system-of-systems analysis process and method of system-of-systems architecture description are reviewed. A new approach of system-of-systems architecture evaluation is proposed. The proposed evaluation approach is a bi-level approach. In the higher level, a bottom-up synthesis process is employed to calculate the overall measure of performance (OMOP) of system-of-systems, while in the lower level, modeling and simulation is employed to obtain the delivery degree of each capability requirement. A new method of developing executable model of system-of-systems architecture is presented, called knowledge-based executable model, in which the experts' opinion and experience are extracted as domain knowledge to integrate in the development of executable model. The three steps of knowledge-based executable model are presented. At last, the case study of Object Detect and Engage System-of-Systems evaluation demonstrates that the proposed approach is feasible and effective in evaluation of system-of-systems.},
	Author = {Xiong Jian and Ge Bing-feng and Zhang Xiao-ke and Yang Ke-wei and Chen Ying-wu},
	Booktitle = {International Conference on Management Science and Engineering},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-10 09:39:13 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/ICMSE.2010.5719797},
	Issn = {2155-1847},
	Month = {November},
	Pages = {141 -147},
	Series = {ICMSE},
	Title = {Evaluation method of system-of-systems architecture using knowledge-based executable model},
	Year = {2010},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICMSE.2010.5719797}}

@inproceedings{Richardson:1993,
	Abstract = {Development of systems of systems outstrips the current software systems development strategy. A development strategy which integrates design, analysis, modeling and simulation using a methodology which integrates aspects of modular decomposition, object-oriented design, and distributed system design is reported. The methodology is illustrated in the design of a high bandwidth communications infrastructure for tactical armed forces},
	Author = {Richardson, J.D. and Wheeler, T.J.},
	Booktitle = {4th Annual Conference on AI, Simulation, and Planning in High Autonomy Systems},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-31 15:08:47 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/AIHAS.1993.410602},
	Month = {September},
	Pages = {238 -244},
	Title = {An object oriented methodology integrating design, analysis, modelling, and simulation of systems of systems},
	Year = {1993},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/AIHAS.1993.410602}}

@inproceedings{Dvorak:2005,
	Abstract = { Current engineering practice in the analysis and design of large-scale multi-disciplinary control systems is typified by some form of decomposition - whether functional or physical or discipline-based - that enables multiple teams to work in parallel and in relative isolation. Too often, the resulting system after integration is an awkward marriage of different control and data mechanisms with poor end-to-end accountability. System of systems engineering, which faces this problem on a large scale, cries out for a unifying framework to guide analysis, design, and operation. This paper describes such a framework for semi-autonomous control systems that guides analysis and modeling, shapes control system software design, and directly specifies operational intent. This paper illustrates the key concepts in the context of a large-scale, concurrent, globally distributed system of systems: NASA's proposed array-based Deep Space Network.},
	Author = {Dvorak, D.L. and Indictor, M.B. and Ingham, M.D. and Rasmussen, R.D. and Stringfellow, M.V.},
	Booktitle = {IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-10 09:28:40 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/ICSMC.2005.1571714},
	Month = {October},
	Pages = {3648 - 3653},
	Title = {A unifying framework for systems modeling, control systems design, and system operation},
	Volume = {4},
	Year = {2005},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICSMC.2005.1571714}}

@inproceedings{Gonzalez:2009,
	Abstract = {Runtime testing is emerging as the solution for the integration and validation of software systems where traditional development-time integration testing cannot be performed, such as systems of systems or service oriented architectures.However, performing tests during deployment or in-service time introduces interference problems, such as undesired side-effects in the state of the system or the outside world. This paper presents a qualitative model of runtime testability that complements Binder's classical testability model, and a generic measurement framework for quantitatively assessing the degree of runtime testabilityof a system based on the ratio of what can be tested at runtime vs. what would have been tested during development time. A measurement is devised for the concrete case of architecture-based test coverage, by using a graph model of the system's architecture. Concretely, two testability studies are performed for two component based systems, showing how to measure the runtime testability of a system.},
	Author = {Gonzalez, A. and Piel, E. and Gross, H.-G.},
	Booktitle = {International Conference on Software Testing, Verification and Validation Workshops},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-20 08:09:30 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/ICSTW.2009.9},
	Month = {April},
	Pages = {19-28},
	Series = {ICSTW},
	Title = {A Model for the Measurement of the Runtime Testability of Component-Based Systems},
	Year = {2009},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICSTW.2009.9}}

@inproceedings{Zhu:2009,
	Abstract = {The Army Technical Reference Model (TRM) is a fundamental component of the Army Enterprise Architecture suite of reference models. This paper describes the TRM, how it facilitates enterprise architecture integration and system interoperability, how it maps to other key DoD architecture models, and its value to the acquisition community. It describes how it supports Program Managers for efficiently and effectively building Technical Standards Views prescribed by the Department of Defense Architecture Framework (DoDAF). It describes how the TRM supports the building of TV-1s/2s for individual systems, a systems-of-systems, or an enterprise. It shows how the TRM helps enable system interoperability in net-centric environments. It illustrates how technology forecasts leverage the TRM and how the TRM illuminates the need to accelerate the process of updating the DoD IT Standards Registry (DISRonline) to include new and improved technical standards to support the new capability requirements included in the Army Enterprise Architecture.},
	Author = {Zhu, S.T. and Wong, R.W. and McDonough, C.A. and Roy, R.R. and Fine, J.M. and Reiling, J.P.},
	Booktitle = {IEEE Military Communications Conference},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-10 09:48:07 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/MILCOM.2009.5379855},
	Month = {October},
	Series = {MILCOM},
	Title = {Army enterprise architecture technical reference model for system interoperability},
	Year = {2009},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MILCOM.2009.5379855}}

@article{Butterfield:2008,
	Abstract = {There is an increasing need to perform systems-of-systems engineering (SoSE) in a global environment. A new SoSE process has been developed which is a significant breakthrough in the development of large complex systems and net-centric systems-of-systems (SoS). The SoSE process provides a complete, detailed, and systematic development approach for military and civil SoS. This architecture-centric, model-based systems engineering process emphasizes concurrent development of the system architecture model and system specifications. It is applicable to all phases of a system's lifecycle. The significant benefits of developing a system architecture model for GEOSS using the SoSE process are described. An example of how the process would capture the architecture model of GEOSS is presented.},
	Author = {Butterfield, M.L. and Pearlman, J.S. and Vickroy, S.C.},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-06 10:49:32 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/JSYST.2008.925973},
	Issn = {1932-8184},
	Journal = {IEEE Systems Journal},
	Month = {September},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {321 -332},
	Title = {A System-of-Systems Engineering GEOSS: Architectural Approach},
	Volume = {2},
	Year = {2008},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/JSYST.2008.925973}}

@inproceedings{Griendling:2010,
	Abstract = {One challenge in the design and acquisition of system-of-systems (SoS) is identifying the subset of feasible alternatives in the large and diverse set of alternatives that often exists for SoS. Existing approaches to alternative identification are system-focused, thus missing operational alternatives. Many approaches are ad hoc, thereby missing large portions of the alternative space. This paper proposes an approach to identifying both system and operational alternatives and then down-selecting a subset of alternatives to be considered in early-phase design and acquisition using the Department of Defense Architecture Framework. Using this approach, alternatives can be quickly and systematically generated and alternatives that are technically infeasible can be avoided or quickly eliminated such that they are not carried forward for analysis. This process can be used to save time and support decision making in the early phases of acquisition.},
	Author = {Griendling, K. and Mavris, D.},
	Booktitle = {5th International Conference on System of Systems Engineering},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-20 08:09:34 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/SYSOSE.2010.5544088},
	Month = {June},
	Series = {SoSE},
	Title = {An architecture-based approach to identifying system-of-systems alternatives},
	Year = {2010},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/SYSOSE.2010.5544088}}

@inproceedings{McCabe:2009,
	Abstract = {In January 2004, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) received new strategic guidance for Space Exploration. With this new guidance, the manned spaceflight community was given an exciting opportunity to develop new human qualified space vehicles based on the latest technology and methodology. The scope of NASA's Constellation program encompasses all elements that must work together to successfully complete the mission of returning humans to the moon. These elements include a launch system, crewed vehicle, and landing module, to name a few. Each element within the Constellation Program is considered a separate development project and this has led to the selection of different avionics architectural approaches on different vehicles. Additionally, legacy systems such as the International Space Station must also interface with the Constellation system. Interfaces between these elements (new and legacy), and especially between their avionics systems, must be carefully integrated to ensure mission success. This paper discusses considerations for the interoperability of varying avionics architectures within a complex system of systems such as Constellation. Currently, two of the major elements within the Constellation system are advancing into the design phase: the Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) and the Ares I Launch Vehicle. These vehicles have chosen different avionics architecture approaches. The Orion vehicle is implementing an Integrated Modular Avionics (IMA) architecture with high integrity self-checking pair processors for fault management, while the Ares I element is implementing a Federated Avionics architecture with some integrated characteristics and a voting scheme for fault management. This paper discusses implications on the design of each vehicle due to the interface requirement between these two different avionics approaches.},
	Author = {McCabe, M. and Baggerman, C. and Verma, D.},
	Booktitle = {IEEE/AIAA 28th Digital Avionics Systems Conference},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-10 09:41:33 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/DASC.2009.5347562},
	Month = {October},
	Pages = {1.E.2-1 -1.E.2-10},
	Series = {DASC},
	Title = {Avionics architecture interface considerations between constellation vehicles},
	Year = {2009},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/DASC.2009.5347562}}

@inproceedings{Alwardt:2007,
	Abstract = {Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) is one of the latest technology enablers that supports closed-loop diagnostics in Network Centric Support Environments (NCSEs). SOA provides patterns for the architecture, design, implementation, deployment, and management of loosely coupled software services that support the requirements of business processes and software users regardless of the underlying platform or implementation. The focus of this paper will be to examine providing a SOA via Web services. More specifically, this paper will discuss an architecture for developing Web services that perform closed-loop diagnostics in military NCSEs. The military information technology infrastructure is comprised of many diverse systems that together provide to key personnel the processed information necessary to support our war-fighters. When new or upgraded systems are deployed, it is far too costly to rewrite all legacy applications. A more cost effective method is to take a System-of-Systems approach to provide a non-intrusive solution that blends well with existing support processes and leverages existing applications and their data stores. A SOA readily supports implementing a System-of-Systems solution to provide closed-loop diagnostics in NCSEs in which various components reside at multiple levels and within multiple domains. When utilizing a SOA to implement closed-loop diagnostics in NCSEs, there are several key ingredients in developing a suitable architecture. These ingredients include leveraging the architecture defined in the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) STD 1232 -Artificial Intelligence Exchange and Service Tie to All Test Environments (AI-ESTATE) specification, leveraging standard data format specifications such as the IEEE STD P1636.1 Draft Trial-Use Standard for Software Interface for Maintenance Information Collection and Analysis (SIMICA): Exchanging Test Results and Session Information via the Extensible Markup Language (XML) specif- ication, leveraging the XML transaction communication framework, ensuring information assurance compliance, and ensuring 24/7 system availability.},
	Author = {Alwardt, A.L. and Nielson, A.R.},
	Booktitle = {IEEE Autotestcon},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-25 11:24:30 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/AUTEST.2007.4374238},
	Issn = {1088-7725},
	Month = {September},
	Pages = {332 -339},
	Title = {Utilizing a service-oriented architecture to perform closed-loop diagnostics in network centric support environments},
	Year = {2007},
	Bdsk-File-1 = {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},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/AUTEST.2007.4374238}}

@inproceedings{Iacobucci:2011,
	Abstract = {Capability focused analysis of system of systems architecture alternatives often only considers a small number of alternatives. The analysis typically includes nonlinear aspects which demand a more thorough exploration of the design space. A method is presented for the automatic generation and evaluation of architecture alternatives that has been adapted to cloud computing resources. Both different system portfolios and different operational architectures can be analyzed in a unified way. The authors develop a declarative notation for describing system of system architecture alternatives. The method (CFML) can be used to enumerate and evaluate a larger portion of the decision space.},
	Author = {Iacobucci, J. and Mavris, D.},
	Booktitle = {6th International Conference on System of Systems Engineering},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-20 08:07:15 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/SYSOSE.2011.5966587},
	Month = {June},
	Pages = {137-142},
	Series = {SoSE},
	Title = {A method for the generation and evaluation of architecture alternatives on the cloud},
	Year = {2011},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/SYSOSE.2011.5966587}}

@inproceedings{Kimura:2011,
	Abstract = {It is important for IT system integration (SI) to evaluate non-functional requirements (NFR) in design phase. However, since IT systems show system of systems (SoS) characteristics, the evaluation is a difficult work. An IT system consisting of independently developed systems has to be evaluated comprehensively as a whole system. Moreover, the details of some systems are often unknown, i.e., black box. Model-based systems engineering is a promising approach for the evaluation in design phase. This paper describes our in-house tool named CASSI (Computer Aided System model-based System Integration environment). CASSI consists of a repository of #x201C;system models #x201D; as elements to model an SoS, and tools to evaluate NFR of the SoS. CASSI includes two aspects; modeling as detailed as possible for precise evaluation and including black box as necessary. This paper represents the results and effectiveness of applying CASSI to SI.},
	Author = {Kimura, D. and Osaki, T. and Yanoo, K. and Izukura, S. and Sakaki, H. and Kobayashi, A.},
	Booktitle = {6th International Conference on System of Systems Engineering},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-10 09:39:29 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/SYSOSE.2011.5966571},
	Month = {June},
	Pages = {43 -48},
	Series = {SoSE},
	Title = {Evaluation of IT systems considering characteristics as system of systems},
	Year = {2011},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/SYSOSE.2011.5966571}}

@inproceedings{Bajaj:2011,
	Abstract = {Development of complex systems is a collaborative effort spanning disciplines, teams, processes, software tools, and modeling formalisms. It is the vision of model-based systems engineering (MBSE) to enable a consistent, coherent, interoperable, and evolving model of a system throughout its lifecycle. However, no currently available modeling language can represent all aspects of a system (including system-of-systems) at all levels of abstraction across the lifecycle.},
	Author = {Bajaj, M. and Zwemer, D. and Peak, R. and Phung, A. and Scott, A.G. and Wilson, M.},
	Booktitle = {IEEE Aerospace Conference},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-06 10:40:14 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/AERO.2011.5747539},
	Issn = {1095-323X},
	Month = {March},
	Title = {SLIM: collaborative model-based systems engineering workspace for next-generation complex systems},
	Year = {2011},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/AERO.2011.5747539}}

@inproceedings{Carlomusto:2005,
	Abstract = { The Army continues to struggle with creating doctrinally correct, robust, consistent and all-inclusive operational, system, and technical views based on the Department of Defense Architecture Framework. Having detailed, integrated, and up-to-date architecture views is essential to answering questions involving alternative system designs and operating procedures; conducting gap, overlap, and connectivity analyses among programs of record; and providing traceable data upon which to base near- and far-term acquisition decisions as the armed services undergo transformation. This paper presents an overview of the Communications-Electronics Research, Development, and Engineering Center Command, Control, Communications, Computer, Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance methodology for developing and utilizing integrated architecture products for the purposes of C4ISR System of Systems Engineering Analyses.},
	Author = {Carlomusto, M. and Giammarco, K. and Lock, J.D.},
	Booktitle = {IEEE Military Communications Conference},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-06 10:54:49 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/MILCOM.2005.1605965},
	Month = {October},
	Pages = {2005 - 2011},
	Series = {MILCOM},
	Title = {Development and analysis of integrated C4ISR architectures},
	Volume = {4},
	Year = {2005},
	Bdsk-File-1 = {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},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MILCOM.2005.1605965}}

@article{Martin:2008,
	Abstract = {An enterprise architecture for the Earth science activities of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) was developed to assist in assessing the capacity of scientific instruments in meeting the needs of society. It can also help them develop the right investment strategies and help scientists and engineers in their planning for system development, especially for complex space-based environmental sensors. This architecture model can be easily extended to the Global Earth Observation System-of-System (GEOSS). In fact, it was constructed with GEOSS in mind to ensure that NASA's observation systems can be readily mapped into the GEOSS structure. The architecture contains about 3000 elements that are involved in Earth science research: observation sources, sensors, environmental parameters, data products, mission products, observations, science models, predictions, and decision-support tools. The science models use observations from the space-based instruments to generate predictions about various aspects of the environment. These predictions are used by decision-makers around the world to help minimize property damage and loss of human life due to adverse conditions such as severe weather storms. The architecture is developed using both traditional and nontraditional systems engineering (SE) tools and techniques. This paper describes additional methods needed for the SE toolbox.},
	Author = {Martin, J.N.},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-10-30 14:39:38 -0400},
	Doi = {10.1109/JSYST.2008.925974},
	Issn = {1932-8184},
	Journal = {IEEE Systems Journal},
	Month = {September},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {304 -311},
	Title = {Using Architecture Modeling to Assess the Societal Benefits of the Global Earth Observation System-of-Systems},
	Volume = {2},
	Year = {2008},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/JSYST.2008.925974}}

@inproceedings{Correa:2003,
	Abstract = { This work presents and reviews the use of multimethodologies (specifically methodology enhancement) as a framework for model formulation of systems of systems. Multimethodologies have been considered as a valid instrument to intervene complex systems; but systems of systems (SoS) problems are a new generation of complex problems that are challenging the traditional practice of systems engineering (SE). SoS has special characteristics that limit the potentiality of multimethodologies, especially in the model formulation and system design phases; this paper points out some of those limitations through the review of a practical case: the model formulation for a port security system. Finally, some concluding remarks about the need for a more robust approach to accomplish the SoSE efforts are presented.},
	Author = {Correa, Y. and Keating, C.},
	Booktitle = {IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-06 11:01:03 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/ICSMC.2003.1244440},
	Issn = {1062-922X},
	Month = {October},
	Pages = {3553 - 3558},
	Title = {An approach to model formulation for systems of systems},
	Volume = {4},
	Year = {2003},
	Bdsk-File-1 = {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},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICSMC.2003.1244440}}

@inproceedings{Pan:2011,
	Abstract = {On the basis of analyzing the products and views in DoDAF (Department of Defense Architecture Framework), an integrated framework on modeling and simulation for SoS (System of Systems) is proposed. A modeling approach based on the DoDAF which uses ABM (Activity Based Methodology) for SoS is presented. Via SysML (Systems Modeling Language) the operational views of the model can be transferred into the dynamic executable model of BPMN (Business Process Modeling Notation). By giving the clock parameters for the dynamic model, the model above can be used to simulate, inspect and verify SoS under typical environments and conditions. Then, a case of the SoS on civil aviation airline transportation is given to illustrate the application of the proposed model and method.},
	Author = {Xing Pan and Baoshi Yin and Jianmi Hu},
	Booktitle = {9th International Conference on Reliability, Maintainability and Safety},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-10 09:42:40 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/ICRMS.2011.5979468},
	Month = {June},
	Pages = {1283 -1287},
	Series = {ICRMS},
	Title = {Modeling and simulation for SoS based on the DoDAF framework},
	Year = {2011},
	Bdsk-File-1 = {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},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICRMS.2011.5979468}}

@inproceedings{Tianfield:2008,
	Abstract = {Complex distributed systems (CODS) are widespread in natural and artificial systems, not necessarily very large in scale or very dispersed in geographic range. The complexity of CODS is essentially attributed to the inherent autonomy of the sub-systems and the dynamic intricate interactions among the sub-systems, which give rise to the distributing, emergent and self-organizing properties and system-of-systems architectures. This paper preliminarily explores the system-of-systems architectures of CODS, and the meta-synthesis model for cooperative distributed problem solving in CODS.},
	Author = {Tianfield, H.},
	Booktitle = {IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-07 11:01:11 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/ICSMC.2008.4811666},
	Issn = {1062-922X},
	Month = {October},
	Pages = {2471 -2475},
	Series = {SMC},
	Title = {Fundamentals and architectures of Complex Distributed Systems},
	Year = {2008},
	Bdsk-File-1 = {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},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICSMC.2008.4811666}}

@inproceedings{Gezgin:2012,
	Abstract = {The scope of this paper is collaborative, distributed safety critical systems which build up a larger scale system of systems (SoS). Systems participating in an SoS follow both global as well as individual goals, which may be contradicting. Both the global and local goals of the overall SoS may change over time. Hence, self-adaptive ness, i.e., reconfiguration of the SoS as a reaction on changes within its context is a major characteristic of this systems. The aim of this paper is to describe first steps towards a modeling formalism for SoS in a safety critical context. The challenge is to address on the one hand the required flexibility to adapt the system during run-time and on the other hand to guarantee that the system reacts still in a safe manner. To address these challenges, we propose an approach which guarantees that the system still reacts in a safe manner while adaption to uncertainty including context changes. This adaption has to be assumed as unsafe during design time. The key for having success is to define the interaction between the systems as well as its goals as basic elements of the design. Based on our former work, we propose a well-defined modeling approach for the interaction based on components as basic structural elements, the contract paradigm for the design of the interaction, and graph transformations, which addresses the adaptivity of system of systems. The component model is additionally explicitly enriched by goals, which supports so called evaluation functions to determine the level of target achievement.},
	Author = {Gezgin, T. and Etzien, C. and Henkler, S. and Rettberg, A.},
	Booktitle = {15th IEEE International Symposium on Object/Component/Service-Oriented Real-Time Distributed Computing Workshops},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-12-20 08:09:18 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/ISORCW.2012.42},
	Month = {April},
	Pages = {204-211},
	Series = {ISORCW},
	Title = {Towards a Rigorous Modeling Formalism for Systems of Systems},
	Year = {2012},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ISORCW.2012.42}}

@inproceedings{White:2009,
	Abstract = {To help systems engineers select a method for modeling large complex systems during the requirements phase of systems engineering, and also help researchers develop better models and methods, this paper identifies the semantics, mathematical basis, and attributes needed to model a system of systems. We use these model characteristics to compare several practical languages and methods that engineers use for systems engineering, Distributed Computing Design System (basis for Vitech's method, CORE), Statemate, the Unified Modeling Language (UML), and Systems Modeling Language (SysML). We identify which methods excel in a specific area, and why. For example, we show why the method used in Statemate to control activities should be used in SysML.},
	Author = {White, S.M.},
	Booktitle = {3rd Annual IEEE Systems Conference},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-07 12:30:35 -0400},
	Date-Modified = {2012-11-05 21:37:54 -0500},
	Doi = {10.1109/SYSTEMS.2009.4815777},
	Month = {March},
	Pages = {83 -89},
	Title = {Modeling a system of systems to analyze requirements},
	Year = {2009},
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	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/SYSTEMS.2009.4815777}}