Candice Amich

Transitive Phrasal Verbs:

Degrees of Idiomaticity

Candice Amich

76-451

Hopper

May 1, 2000

Degrees of Idiomaticity

1. Introduction

I have been investigating the placement of the direct object (either proceeding or following the particle) of certain transitive phrasal verbs. We have learned that pronouns and definite noun phrases impose a constraint on word order in such a manner that the direct object will proceed the particle. It is my contention that the idiomatic link between the verb and its particle also places a constraint on word order in such a manner that the direct object will follow the particle. Though pronouns invariably proceed the direct object, it is my hypothesis that the idiomatic link between the verb and its particle is a stronger determinant of placement than whether or not the direct object is a definite noun phrase.

Consider, for example, the following phrases:

Melanie O’Reilly gave up a career in nursing for the…
Collins insists he hasn’t given up the ghost and would love…
Now they want to set up a canteen in Doom adgee…
Official protests threatened to call off the tour…
The ACTU called off a protest rally and march…

All the underlined phrases are definite noun phrases. We have learned that definite noun phrases should proceed the particle, but the Cobuild Corpus does not substantiate this claim. Rather, the strong idiomatic bond between the verbs and their particles seems to be preventing the direct objects from intervening.

Thus, my project entails grouping certain transitive phrasal verbs by degrees of idiomacticity. My hypothesis is that the stronger the idiomatic bond between the verb and its particle, the less likely it will be to tolerate an intervening object. I believe that the fact that we often do not exercise the privilege of "free variation" supports the claim that lexis conditions grammar. We become accustomed to grouping certain verbs and prepositions together (such as give and up), and rather than alternate whether we place the direct object before or after the particle, we consistently place the direct object after the particle, so as not to separate the verb from its preposition. This is what is meant by a "strong idiomatic link".

2. Query

I went about investigating the problem of idiomaticity by brainstorming a list of transitive phrasal verbs and entering them into the corpus. The query I settled on was:

<verb@/VERB+4particle/IN>

For the transitive phrasal verb, throw down, for example, I entered the following query:

<throw@/VERB+4down/IN>

I settled on a distance of up to four words between the verb and its particle; any smaller distance failed to capture many of the transitive phrasal verbs with intervening objects, while any larger distance included too much irrelevant data.

Dependent on how many matching lines came up, I either studied them all, or at least 100 examples for each transitive phrasal verb. I then separated the examples into four groups: intransitives, transitive phrasal verbs with a pronoun as a direct object, transitive phrasal verbs with a direct object (excluding pronouns) preceding the particle, and transitive phrasal verbs with a direct object following the particle. The two latter groups comprise the "free variation" groups, meaning that according to "grammar rules," the direct object can be placed on either side of the particle.

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that the stronger the idiomatic bonds between the verb and preposition of the transitive phrasal verbs, the more likely the direct object will be placed after the particle, and the less likely it is that there will be "free variation". Thus, placement of the direct object in these cases can be thought of as an increasing probability the direct object will be placed before the particle as the idiomaticity of the transitive phrasal verb decreases. In order to obtain a ratio of idiomaticity, I divided the number of examples with the direct object preceding the particle (excluding pronouns) by the total number of examples where free variation should be occurring.

For example, of 100 examples of the transitive phrasal verb blow up:

(a) Intransitive: 61

(b) Pronoun as Direct Object: 9

(d) Direct Object Follows Particle: 26

Therefore, 4/(4+26)= 4/30= 13.3%.

13.3% of the time, the direct object proceeds the particle when there is "free variation".

Since if there were no constraints, the direct object should proceed the particle roughly 50% of the time, I judged all transitive phrasal verbs that take the direct object before the particle less than 15% of the time, such as blow up, to be low in "free variation," and high in idiomaticity. Thus, I grouped 14 transitive phrasal verbs into three groups: high idiomaticity (0-15%), moderate idiomaticity (16-35%), and low idiomaticity (36-100%).

3. Three Degrees of Idiomaticity

(1) High Idiomaticity (0-15%)

Phrasal Verbs Intransitive Pronoun D.O. Proceeds D.O. Follows Free Variation*

Find Out 86 5 0 9 0%

Give Up 43 6 0 51 0%

Set Up 48 10 0 42 0%

Call Off 32 5 7 56 11%

Blow Up 61 9 4 26 13%

(2) Moderate Idiomaticity (16-35%)

Phrasal Verbs Intransitive Pronoun D.O. Proceeds D.O. Follows Free Variation*

Spit Out 19 25 9 47 16%

Chop Down** 7 5 7 34 17%

Tie Up 58 10 6 26 19%

Bring In 44 18 12 26 32%

(3) Low Idiomaticity (36-100%)

Phrasal Verbs Intransitive Pronoun D.O. Proceeds D.O. Follows Free Variation*

Throw Down 23 28 19 30 39%

Turn On 19 10 28 43 39%

Kick Over** 3 6 7 9 44%

Stick Out 35 16 37 12 76%

Carry Down** 1 9 14 1 93%

*Free variation score calculated as D.O. Proceeds/ (D.O. Proceeds + D.O. Follows). The percentage score is an indication of how often the direct object proceeded the particle when "free variation" was possible.

**These phrasal verbs had less than 100 matching lines.

4. Collocations at 0:1 and 0:4 Spans

After determining which group each transitive phrasal verb belonged in, I looked at the collocations of the verbs at the 0:1 and 0:4 spans. My hypothesis was that verbs in the "high idiomaticity" group would have more significant t-scores with their particles at the 0:1 span, since this would mean the particle directly followed the verb. Conversely, I expected the verbs in the "moderate" and "low" groups to have more significant t-scores at the 0:4 span, since this would indicate more room for intervening objects. Below are the results:

T-Scores

0:1 Span 0:4 Span

High Idiomaticity

Find Out (0%) 54.3 53.3

Give Up (0%) 36.6 36.2

Set Up (0%) 69.0 70.2

Call Off (11%) 7.3 5.3

Blow Up (13%) 13.5 14.1

Moderate Idiomaticity

Spit Out (16%) 3.6 6.2

Chop Down (17%) 3.5 4.6

Tie Up (19%) 10.7 11.9

Bring In (32%) 16.9 14.3

Low Idiomaticity

Throw Down (39%) 4.2 5.2

Turn On (39%) 14.6 19.8

Kick Over (44%) 1.7 4.1

Stick Out (76%) 5.4 7.7

Carry Down (93%)* -3.5 --

*Carry had no collocation listing with down at the 0:4 span.

It seems that the verbs with higher t-scores at the 0:1 span level reflect strong idiomatic links between the verbs and their particles, while the verbs that have higher t-scores at the 0:4 span level reflect semantic links between the verbs and their particles.

While the results substantiate my hypothesis that transitive phrasal verbs lower in idiomaticity would have greater t-scores at the 0:4 span, I did not know whether the differences between the t-scores at the differing span levels were significant. In order to get a clearer picture of the data, I created a formula that would account for the 0:1 span in the 0:4 span.

5. Formula: Accounting for the 0:1 Span in the 0:4 Span

I created a formula to get a ratio for the number of instances the verb appeared a span of two to four words from its particle divided by the total number of instances the verb appeared within a distance of four words from its particle. This formula allowed to subtract out the instances in the 0:4 span already included in the 0:1 span. The greater the ratio, the weaker the idiomatic link between the verb and its particle.

Phrasal Verbs # of instances paired at 0:1 span # of instances paired at 0:4 span Ratio*

High Idiomaticity (17%)**

Find Out (0%) 3054 3242 6%

Give Up (0%) 1453 1742 17%

Set Up (0%) 4876 5387 9%

Call Off (11%) 81 117 31%

Blow Up (13%) 194 248 22%

Moderate Idiomaticity (49%)**

Spit Out (16%) 14 42 67%

Chop Down (17%) 13 24 46%

Tie Up (19%) 124 183 32%

Bring In (32%) 551 1087 49%

Low Idiomaticity (69%)**

Throw Down (39%) 22 43 49%

Turn On (39%) 344 882 61%

Kick Over (44%) 9 42 81%

Stick Out (76%) 43 109 61%

Carry Down (93%)* 1 20 95%

*The ratio is calculated by subtracting the number of instances at the 0:1 span from the 0:4 span and then dividing the result by the total number of instances from the 0:4 span. For example, for find out: (3242-3054)/ 3242= 188/ 3242= .06

The lower the percentage, the stronger the idiomatic bond and vice versa.

**These are the average ratios for the three levels of idiomaticity.

6. Analysis of the Results

Based on the three approaches discussed above, it has been shown that the fourteen transitive phrasal verbs I examined can be divided into three groups based on varying levels of idiomaticity. The first step involved using the Cobuild Corpus to determine the percentage of times the direct object was placed before the particle when "free variation" was a possibility. I then used these percentages to divide the transitive phrasal verbs into three groups of varying idiomaticity. The lower the percentage, the greater the idiomatic link between the verb and its particle.

I then looked at collocations of the verbs at the 0:1 and 0:4 spans. My hypothesis that the stronger the idiomatic bond between the verb and its particle, the more likely t-scores at the 0:1 span would be higher was substantiated. The last step involved creating a formula to remove the 0:1 span from the 0:4 span. My second hypothesis that the weaker the idiomatic link between the verb and its particle, the higher the ratio would be (since it is an indication of space for an intervening object) was also substantiated.

A further indication of the greater idiomaticity of the transitive phrasal verbs in the first group is the number of examples that were actually intransitives. On average, 54% of the examples of the high idiomaticity group were transitives, while only 32% of the examples were intransitives for the moderate group, and a mere 16% of the examples for the group lowest in idiomaticity. This make sense since intransitives do not have direct objects and transitive phrasal verbs high in idiomaticity also tend not to tolerate intervening direct objects.

7. Conclusion

It can be concluded that rather than the "official" theory of "free variation," placement of the direct object is dependent upon the strength of the idiomatic links between certain verbs and their prepositions. Thus, it makes more sense to think of the placement of the direct object before the particle as an increasing probability for transitive phrasal verbs with weaker idiomatic links. Viewing the placement of the direct object as dependent on the idiomatic link between the verb and its particle suggests that rather than "free variation," there are constraints on the placement of the direct object.

Future research is needed to determine what exactly makes one transitive phrasal verb high in idiomaticity and another low. A possibility is that separating the particle from its verb is not as significant to meaning for transitive phrasal verbs low in idiomaticity. For example, the preposition over is not as necessary to understanding the meaning of kick over, as the preposition off is necessary to understanding the meaning of call off. It seems that transitive phrasal verbs with greater physical, literal meaning ( spit out, chop down, throw down, kick over, etc.) have weaker idiomatic links than transitive phrasal verbs with more abstract meanings (find out, give up, call off). It also seems as if the objects the transitive phrasal verbs with stronger idiomatic bonds take are more abstract than the direct objects the transitive phrasal verbs with weaker idiomatic links take (call off the wedding vs. kick the trash over).

The main goal of this project has been to corroborate, using three different approaches, the evidence that placement of the direct object when there is "free variation" is in actuality constrained by issues of idiomaticity. It has also been a worthwhile exercise in using collocations at differing spans to support claims of patterns. The constrained placement of the direct object depending on the strength of the idiomatic bond between the verb and its particle is an interesting example of how patterns of usage are better predictors of how people speak than notions of exercising "free variation."

Appendix

Transitive Phrasal Verbs: Degrees of Idiomaticity

High Idiomaticity:

Find Out- 0% (placement of intervening object when there is "free variation")

Give Up- 0%

Set Up- 0%

Call Off- 11%

Blow Up- 13%

Moderate Idiomaticity:

Spit Out- 16%

Chop Down- 17%

Tie Up- 19%

Bring In- 32%

Low Idiomaticity:

Throw Down- 39%

Turn On- 39%

Kick Over- 44%

Stick Out- 76%

Carry Down- 93%

Find Out

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status symbol, particularly when you find out why they became convicts.

<h> Further information </h> To find out more about the fitting and

researchers to ask questions - to find out what you, and people like you,

you a ring in a couple of weeks to find out if this is all right, to save

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some interesting area where you have found out lots of information <ZF1> and

And then when FX come along and we found out as <ZF1> I <ZF0> I couldn't

Give Up

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Tanya Harding. Starter Harding gave up three hits in four innings, and

<c> photograph </c> Melanie O'Reilly gave up a career in nursing for the

and until my dad retired and then she gave them both up. <F01> Mm. <F02> Er my

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a lot of tolerance. You have to give up everything-your dreams, your

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Mm <F05> And it was hard for her to give up just looking at those cigarettes

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Set Up

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cost &dollar; 2 each anda bar will be set up near the surf club. All

Francois Mitterrand. Controls set up in the Cold War years to prevent

to the hilt by the institutions set up to protect the rights of people

it," she said. Now they want to set up a canteen in Doom adgee." She

Card Protection Plan Ltd (CPP Ltd) to set up and provide the plan for which

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some of the 54 Japanese companies that set up in Wales and helped save its

Call Off

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teams had asked the Cup committee to call off the day's racing, with winds

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and Hindu nationalist rally has been called off in a New Delhi park, for fear

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have expected the referendum to be called off." Delegates arriving for the

strike on London's Northern Line was called off with hours to spare last night

Blow Up

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to his rescue and certain death he blew himself up with a hand grenade.

building effort similar to what blew up in Washington's face in Somalia.

and up until Easter really it only blew up over Easter and they're the same

<M01> Right. Yes <F01> and er cause I blew up with the doctor 'cos I thought

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Germans or the Italians. The row blew up after Britain clashed with other

with us, so did he and then this all blew up on Friday," he said. <h>

1998 </dt> TWO H-bombs from Norway blew up Bolton's hopes of staying in the

not illegal. Blow me, what a furore blew up when it was revealed Gazza 'luvs

Grand Prix. Then Hill's engine blew up. <hl> Soaps slide back as 21m

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over ridges and into valleys, blowing up the sides and blowing away. It

to wait a moment or two before blowing up, not making a decision and

the last three decades shooting and blowing each other up. Not forgetting the

she does, but when their yacht is blown up and all on board are apparently

some pictures er taken and get them blown up to like A four size and I'm

Spit Out

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Hit any key to continue...

Query is "spit@/VERB+4out/IN"

Term 1 in your query has been selected as the node

103 matching lines

place, and who won't be chewed up and spat out. I would like to think

when swallowed up by the Spaniard and spat out at the back of the group chasing

are unrelenting, the vocals are spat out and psychotic. From thereon in,

but in three years they used and spat out every possible Goth cliche. 5

books. <o> He went to the window and spat out. Porcelain, cutlery,

them bowls of inedible gruel, they spat it out, and threatened to beat the

He shook his head. In disgust, they spat out gobbets of betel nut juice, red

admiration. Worms and slimes!" Otho spat out. `Why don't you ask for the

knife in it. His face contorted, he spat out curses. Dizzy from her running

hummed, and a few seconds later it spat out a sheet of paper. Jeff grabbed

lever of a flaming jet, and Digby spat out my name, twice, terse and

seek. Oedipus: <f> Now twice you have spat out infamy. You'll pay for it! <f>

packages made from the pieces she spat out are displayed in a glittering

now. I saw them used up and spat out. I told them it would be like

weedkiller told yesterday how she spat out a drink in disgust.

have been left behind, swallowed up, spat out and left as the forgotten heroes

remains of the chewed-up butt when he spat out the sarnie because it tasted

grandson a mint and after a while he spat it out. Surprised, she asked: `Don't

drop in a nickel and I can usually spit out what I need." <h> STYLE </h>

understand why hardened professionals spit so much of it out. Until they go

that you find boring chew them up and spit them out into cheap, quick-witted

could suck them in and then you can spit them out. <M02> <ZG1> Oh yeah.

as well? <M02> Oh yeah. <F01> Can it spit them out in any form? <M02> No <ZF1>

<F01> Yeah. <M01> <ZGY> you know spit them out. <ZF1> It's not <ZF0> it's

again <M02> <tc text=laughs> <M01> Spit it out man. What do you want <M04>

madness". Son of a pig! Spit that out. <o> And Prem Lal, for

shaking his head hard as if he could spit out the taste of shame. He got up

pieces of data to process and will spit out another 500 million pieces as

You mean 'cause I'm sensitive?" He spit the words out like he was insulted.

down his window and frantically spit it out while Firebug watched him in

of his aching mouth, took it again, spit it out again. This time, slippery,

My legs gave way. I just had time to spit it out before I realised that I was

steep, narrow roads which eventually spit you out on to a vast, empty

that Italy could `eat him alive" and spit out what's left of his career.

manager wants Mike Atherton's men to `spit out their grievances" at close of

when there was doubt I ate it up and spit it out I faced it all and I stood

Jonathan, 28, said: `I couldn't spit it out on camera. It's the first

re as accurate as a Master of Wine spitting out the claret. The labrador

impression he is about to explode, spitting out his vocals in an accent that

urgent, military drums with Heather spitting out a tidal wave of vitriol

Chop Down

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Hit any key to continue...

Query is "chop@/VERB+4down/IN"

Term 1 in your query has been selected as the node

54 matching lines

protested at a plan to chop down 100 trees in the park in which

M62 motorway so Peter was loathe to chop down several established trees in

Eddie Burnett does his level best to chop down relative newcomer Lester

dark. They break up the seats. They chop down mature trees Vince is upset and

got lots of mouths to feed You can't chop your rainforests down my friend I'm

pay us otherwise and then we won't chop them down. Well we're not going to

drop the logo? <tc text=pause> Really chop this down in size. Yeah <ZF1> just

have <M01> The council would come and chop the tree down <ZGY> <F01> Well <F02>

come down and And all he does is just chop it down and I clear it <M01> Yeah

in <M01> Yeah <M02> But I used to chop it down and keep it summat like it

to producers to make sure they don't chop a tree down to get the oil out of

barely grow 1/3 as much, so farmers chop down forests on the hillsides to get

those fields either, so they have to chop down more forests and on top of

desert. Deserts happen because we chop down trees. It isn't as simple as

cautiously to take up his axe, to chop down a rotten tree or so on the

Miguel. He's on the way up. I want to chop him down. And I want you to help

down acorns and pinenuts. We don't chop down trees. We only use dead weed.

I am sore. Don't hurt me!" But they chop it down and cut it up. The

on to do his dirty work for him, chop down the dissidents, maintain order,

between a businessman, who wants to chop down the trees, and his daughter,

their lot, they would not have to chop down forests <h> Mercer

Danielle Laws said: `If they want to chop this one down they will have to saw

and a good thing too. You can't just chop down trees because you don't like

of years, and then it's been chopped down and it's been processed and

and you know <M02> Yes <F01> you've chopped down your trees <M02> Yes <F01> so

came through your back gate, chopped down your favorite shade tree, and

companies and ordinary citizens have chopped down the forests on the hillsides,

with his left arm and simultaneously chopped his right hand down viciously on

was reputed to have single-handedly chopped down a maypole. Lord Cowarth's

up and down to keep warm while he chopped down trees and cut them into logs

than Snoot earned in a year. He'd chopped down many a woodlot for a fraction

snarled. `Accept your fate." Then he chopped his hand down, hard, on the side

an audible howl of pain as Parkinson chopped him down near time and he is

disdain credit cards, which had chopped down Amex's American market share

Twenty acres of woodland were chopped down and 138 carpenters were used

there might never again be a tree chopped down or an unfriendly aerosol

tree which meant it could have been chopped down. A crane was brought in

to the ground by Batty and then chopped down by Shearer within the space

and sheds in the street and even chopped down telephone poles and made

Tie Up

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usephem 1 0.8/million

Hit any key to continue...

Query is "tie@/VERB+4up/IN"

Term 1 in your query has been selected as the node

537 matching lines

<h> ASIAN BIZ </h> PAKISTAN hopes to tie up projects worth about &dollar; 1.

cascade pouring out of the cliffs. We tie up the boats and wade up the creek

Enchanted April, Cinema Paradiso and Tie Me Up! Tie me Down! <c> PHOTOS

the <F01> Mm <M01> they're trying to tie up what loose ends now and erm er

instant access account. Do not tie up any of your money for a long

oil, tack together, splice, glue, tie up, and find dirty, squeaky, broken,

to 7 per cent. Equity Tessas will tie up your capital for five years and

during the summer. Redknapp hopes to tie up the deal when Liverpool return

and last night he was hoping to tie up a deal with Aston Villa's Graham

Celtic because they need the points to tie up the title. Hopefully the

away from it all. He is also set to tie up a deal keeping Paul Ritchie at

clip on the top of my head in order to tie my hair up, and I don't think I will

stately paddlewheelers when it was tied up at Expo dispensing the famous

shopping centre. She had been tied up, sexually assaulted and bashed

is, if you have a thousand dollars tied up in your boat and your battery,

shown in the catalogue. <h> Get Tied up in Science </h> Inspired by

which are quite sinister, things tied up with the Americanisation of this

climate, who wants their money tied up in art that cannot be resold on

it doesn't matter there is probably tied up with the fact that's a kind of

The <ZF0> the erm books were all tied up with tape and the tape had burst

<tc text=pause> <ZF1> I <ZF0> I just tied the end up again and put it back in

know. And <tc text=pause> <ZGY> value tied up in <tc text=sighs> you know a

around and when she's got her hair tied up like me she pulls her hairband

Hairstyle If hair is long have it tied up with hair band <F02> Oh yeah.

Owner All the money that we have is tied up in a credit union. Right now, as

on his economic plan and nothing gets tied up on the House or Senate floor.

I don't own a single house. They are tied up with companies." Untie them."

us, made me help tie up Dad, and then tied me up!" When did all this happen?"

and a body. The spiritual aspect is tied up with our relationship with

and how'd a guy like Hall get tied up with that bunch?" If you'll

you are willing to keep your money tied up for at least five years, forget

<h> Man dies after ten days tied up in his flat </h> Adam Fresco

while his wife and daughter were tied up in another room. It has been

Tufnell, who just a six weeks ago had tied the Kiwis up in knots. Instead,

controlled run, but Lorraine Hanson tied up badly over the last 100m to

Perkes </h> A FRAIL pensioner was tied up and tortured in his bed by masked

them. Everything seemed neatly tied up. It was as if Frank Bruno

rescue Raith's title dream after he tied up a move from St Johnstone. Boss

in the Govan area of Glasgow. He tied up a <KPD> 300,000 deal with Glasgow

Bring In

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ukbooks 293 54.7/million

ukmags 223 45.5/million

usephem 52 42.5/million

usbooks 220 39.1/million

ukephem 113 36.2/million

oznews 192 36.0/million

Hit any key to continue...

Query is "bring@/VERB+4in/IN"

Term 1 in your query has been selected as the node

3180 matching lines

raise his foot from the ground and `bring it down in a stamping motion".

design from an original angle. To bring `the outside in", she created huge

but, e.g., it is no use trying to bring in an adult married brother with

for vice chancellors to go out and bring money in <M02> Yeah. <M01> wasn't

then you go to the working party to bring in the big stuff <M01> Right. <F01>

So I says Oh I've one at home. I'll bring it in. <F02> Yeah. Yeah. <M17> But

because of the erm <ZF1> t t <ZF0> to bring discipline <ZF1> in <ZF0> in a

Union, the United States and Japan to bring about disarmament in Asia and the

in the agricultural sector and bring it in line with industry. In

<f> Thyself do grace to them and bring them in. <f> Exit Polonius. <f> He

already warned that a dry winter will bring more severe drought problems in the

a disparate mish-mash - it should bring in measures encouraging the use of

Justice is now considering whether to bring in such sticks. I would quite

for the top, absolutely. I'm going to bring Ronan in to give them advice and

There's a lot of people with jobs bringing in £ 100 a wee and less If a

this is something I try to keep bringing in. <ZF1> Not <ZF0> not every day

in their bases while the army was bringing in fresh officers by helicopter in

Seemed to be," Largo said. `She was bringing in the sheep because she was

well to strengthen their defence by bringing in Jason Cundy and Neil Ruddock.

WIMS in which brings IRIS in which brings FIP in it brings all of those

can do the job for us." McEneaney brings in rookies Dermot McDermott, Cyril

DAVIES R Crime body brought in to probe MP's murder THE New

questions people asked me when they brought in a horse to part exchange. If

<F03> Probably because I was <ZF1> brought <ZF0> brought up in that era.

the extended opening hours we've brought in but that was brought in in

I've <ZF0> I've got I mean so I brought in a lot of the sort of church

to build, and he simply has not brought in enough gamblers to--to win the

They were at such a loss, they brought in the local sheriff from McLennan

we were going to land. Skilfully he brought us in on a small patch of grass

Accordingly every rouble invested brought in less income. There were more

of items on her shopping list are brought in from all over the world in

College of Nursing. Police were brought in by a coroner to investigate the

he picks me for them." Durrant was brought in from the cold exactly a year

Ignore </subh> With the players we brought in we should have been challenging

claims Richard Gough will be brought in to help. <subh> Alien </subh>

Throw Down

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usbooks 46 8.2/million

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today 23 4.4/million

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times 15 2.6/million

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ukspok 21 2.3/million

npr 7 2.2/million

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usephem 1 0.8/million

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Hit any key to continue...

Query is "throw@/VERB+4down/IN"

Term 1 in your query has been selected as the node

197 matching lines

and police stood in disbelief, Jo threw down the knife which was specially

the famed director in Rome when he threw a cockroach down the front of her

of the process. We kicked back and threw down with some of the finest

used, who swore her daughter threw her down the steps again and

felt the fast pounding of her heart, threw the pillow down and raced from the

we needed help on the ground and I threw down the drag rope and shouted at a

thoughts. <326> In frustration she threw down the notes she'd been counting

a knife on Carlos last week. He threw her down two flights of stairs and

John's hand. The branch broke and he threw it down. Freeway was bleeding over

to go over the partition to him. I threw a clock down, and then I thought of

on the taboret beside the couch, and threw himself down, with a long sigh,

me the worst. But instead he threw down a challenge. He told me to get

VIRGIN airline boss Richard Branson threw down a new cheap fares challenge to

to her nose. Burly Geoff Knights threw PC James Hall down a staircase

to beat, but the Newcastle keeper threw himself down to make a crucial

used they did <ZG1> g used to <ZG0> throw people down the bank <ZG1> yeah

<M0X> give me these dice <M0X> Throw the dice down <M0X> Who are you

You have exactly one minute to throw down your weapons and come out,

for a slate quarry and they used to throw their dead sheep down it instead of

She went out into the garden to throw herself down the well. But

<f> looking out <f> She's gone now. Throw it down quickly, for the Lord knows

short mid-wicket and dived foward to throw down the stumps, running out Hegg

help from their 'fans', continue to throw their promotion chances down the

gate then come out and then was throwing down like through the gate into

faces." They often hunted all day, throwing themselves down in the shade

putting up salt-lick shelters, throwing down hay. When the white folks

should look on the bright side. Throwing all that money down the drain will

in your pocket it's money being thrown down the drain go and spend it don'

And by the time the gauntlet was thrown down by former Defence Secretary

to ecumenism. It seemed a gauntlet thrown down to the modern world. The

escaped after him. But the sun had thrown down a magic ring and killed her.

head, and abdomen; and finally thrown down a flight of iron steps. The

Sanderson said. A challenge was thrown down last year by Sir Anthony

The 35-year-old victim was also thrown down a flight of stairs and had his

One of the oddest challenges he has thrown down to people in the street was to

Andy Warrington and McMillan throws down the line to Williams beaten in

high or a tree ten metres high. It throws down a tap more than 30 metres into

come here. <f> Mrs. Linde <f> <f> throws the dress down on the sofa <f> What'

himself to look untidy MDUL/He throws down the paper and crosses to fire-

Turn On

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oznews 160 30.0/million

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ukspok 157 16.9/million

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Hit any key to continue...

Query is "turn@/VERB+4on/IN"

Term 1 in your query has been selected as the node

2152 matching lines

t have the appeal to make you want to turn on once the novelty wears off.

alongside the wharf here and we'll turn on a tap, fill it up, and they can

the touch of just one knob, you can turn it on or off and adjust its

with lots of men who didn't really turn me on but who seemed like good

are other times though when it did turn on and off so the concept is still

in the retracted off position. To turn it on, simply extend the lamp. Needs

history's view of George Bush will turn on how he uses his unique leverage

wheeled platform like a skateboard. Turn it on and watch. The fan propels a

with cold as he passed. He saw Bud turn the dome light on and rearrange the

sexual feelings but that it helps turn someone on (thus making it the

producer Hula. 86 FREAK POWER: Turn On, Tune In, Cop Out 1993; re-entry

the Comstrad man explains: first, you turn on your laptop. Then you insert

</bl> <dt> 09 April 1998 </dt> How to turn a woman on 0891 333 351 Add zing to

was so quiet I could hear the fridge turn on and the motor run. There was

in January, Glass has continued to turn on the style for the Dons. Now he

finally off, Spurs were able to turn on all the tricks and should have

But now it's all changing. You can't turn on the TV set without seeing some

So what you would do is you go and turn on the gas oven and sit with your

He called in his local MP who turned the heat on the water company.

suburb today, Catherine Andreyev turned the dial on a cannister of carbon

her and each other so much. She turned on the water, adjusting the

back, her finger on the button, then turned it on. Arakny watched as Olly

Up in the room we began unpacking. I turned on the television to provide Ted

forth over the windshield. Charlene turned on the radio and found a Madonna

sayin Miguel shook his head, but he turned on the car with a whoosh. I mean, I

tape into his playback machine and turned it on. It was there all right. It

with relish how the ambulance driver turned on the siren and flashing blue

looked good in them. To be honest it turned me on a bit. She also said I would

to do is little tiny things like turning the lights on. Now it turns the

who is saying that t Barnes never turns it on for England. <M03> Mm huh.

Just as women have to discover what turns their man on and how to give him

Kick Over

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usephem 1 0.8/million

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npr 2 0.6/million

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Hit any key to continue...

Query is "kick@/VERB+4over/IN"

Term 1 in your query has been selected as the node

64 matching lines

all set up wrongly and so they would kick it over and go and buy Chinese (

him kicking opportunities. I just kick over. I don't count the points,"

To let him put you on his knees and kick you over. <tc text=pause> Let you

is catch that tube and it's going to kick the boat over and it usually ejects

Drago dropped the gun. Kick it over here." Drago did as he

The dog's owner, Tony Oxley, saw them kick the ball over his fence and waved

them. When Anderson blew up and kicked a chair over, McCracken and Dymock

<tc text=laughs> <M01> <ZGY> till he kicked the table over. <F0X> But we <ZF1>

foot. Not leaning. Not about to be kicked over. Only 2 in. long, fits easily

over a post where it would not be kicked over. Now what?" asked Arakny. Now

Both of them shattered. Then he kicked the table over, shouting at Lenny

with a clatter, and Mr. Trancas kicked it over the concrete behind him.

weighted with stones before being kicked over the edge of a scaffold

by its claws but one of the boys kicked it over. The cat was crying

stormed off court swearing and kicked over a chair in the VIP area. <h>

the knifeman yelled obscenities and kicked over school desks. Fifth-

treatment for stings after a boy kicked over a wasps' nest during a camping

it if I put men into the Drive, kicking dustbins over. <o> Quiet padding

we scattered two gun crews, kicking over powder barrels and slashing

He swung his feet to the floor, kicking over the whisky bottle. For a

as good as the words on their backs, kicking over a table to send plates and

side. Third-placed Hearts will be kicking themselves over the slump that's

as he screams out the lyrics. He kicks over his can of beer, he's 18 years

get trying to get <ZF1> he <ZF0> he kicks water over you erm you c you're

Stick Out

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Hit any key to continue...

Query is "stick@/VERB+4out/IN"

Term 1 in your query has been selected as the node

335 matching lines

They're just determined to stick it out. For many of the younger

there are producers willing to stick their necks out occasionally and

suddenly, of their own accord, they stick their tongue out from the flat

ve got to go out there and sort of stick it out. And to be quite honest erm

I used to make a joke and I used to stick them out and say and do my Bugs

<M01> Yeah. It says er if you can stick a warning triangle out er fifty

they go to speek, their tongue might stick out or go up into the top of their

this time of year? Not likely. They'd stick out like a sore thumb for a start.'

redeeming conviction they had left to stick this one out, at least do what they

claptrap" I was trying to stick my neck out. But now my

of Jupiter. But if I have to stick my neck out, I'd say Eldorado will

He said I needed to get in and stick my foot out. I've never been a

a goner and had only one chance - to stick my arm out and hope for the best.

just the top half of the pilot sticking out of the foam. You have to be

him. I've got a great shot of him sticking his tongue out at me.' David

me says Hill It was a case of him sticking his neck out, and I was also

up area if they had a pointed stick sticking out of the steering wheel aimed at

and shouting and having a huff. Sticking his bottom lip out. Folding his

long with a steel mounting bracket sticking out a little over 2&inch; to the

you will lie down with your feet sticking out over the rim where I can see

praise of the people of Berlin for sticking their necks out on the side of the

But hold on. What's that sticking out of the wall next to the dart

too. He never appears with pyjamas sticking out of an antique suit, as Spencer

this time with a poacher's goal, sticking out a foot to divert the ball past

more than a small sandy bank sticking out of the sea. The only

SOME celebrities just can't resist sticking out their tongues whenever a

the hole? 1) No, but the hair sticks out. 2) Blackheads mostly.

your tooth," he says. `The one that sticks out. I used to have that He

poured from broken taps on pipes that stuck out of the ground. One splashed

were right. <F0X> <ZGY> I should have stuck it out <ZGY> I was wrong <ZGY> at

a bit longer. <M01> Now if he hasn't stuck it out a bit longer I can only

<M02> Absolutely hopeless. I stuck it out <tc text=coughs> it was a

Why not have two little black things stuck out there? They could be painted.

a look at some of the numbers that stuck out. Delos Smith (Senior

get it out?" My dear brother, I'm stuck out here. I can't trust anyone.

wife, in nightie and curlers, stuck her head out of the camper window,

on the first floor opened and Congo stuck his head out and shouted in his

Maybe I'll do better from now on." He stuck his hand out. `Friends?" Friends,"

hadn't deigned to touch his hay. She stuck her tongue out at him, then

Carry Down

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today 4 0.8/million

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sunnow 2 0.3/million

ukephem 0 0.0/million

Hit any key to continue...

Query is "carry@/VERB+4down/IN"

Term 1 in your query has been selected as the node

67 matching lines

on all fours up the stairs and then carried Darren down to safety. Tanya

Well the next morning dad and mum carried him down to the theatre. He didn't

re very helpful. I mean our MX once carried the whole thing down and left

of Room 224, wrapped and boxed, then carried down the stairs, across the foyer,

the morrow dawn Garin, Mic and Otho carried their gear down to the boathouse.

other and I said, `My God, they've carried him down into China." The Army

left their children with him and carried the boats down to the water. They

through waters that so recently carried the hill-mother Kondlamma down to

fell to the rough road. Coolies carried ironstone down from a quarry in

in the back of the Wagoneer. Snoot carried them down from the house in

here and there, waiting to be carried down to the kitchen. Liddie's room

Before he left the apartment, he carried it down the dark hall to the

the wire neck of the hanger. He carried everything down the attic stairs.

and a raspberry lime rickey. He carried them down to the river. Behind

those weeks ago. I extracted it and carried it back down the hall to where

now scheduled for attack. Deptula carried the completed plan down the hall

time to time while renovations are carried out. <h> Thumbs down for

for life. Joy's mother Janet carried her daughter down the street

we walk along. I get a few bits she carries it everything I sit down on a

now picked up the ball and we will carry it down the field. By the end

are folded around the corners to carry the entablature <ZF1> down the s

same because most of the missionaries carry down from England is about the same

swung to one side outside the door to carry him down the alleyway. From under

for bringing me my goods." I'll carry them down for you. Where are you

easy walking, with a pack animal to carry their gear down a proper dwarven

do to turn aside my Wyrd. Shall I carry you down to the valley floor?" You

were already clearing a way for us to carry the giant boats down to the river.

or in the topsoil the worms will carry it down and do their cultivation

draining the flooded north-west and carrying the waters down to the massive

Gerard wangled himself onto the bus carrying fans down to the game. `It was a