аЯрЁБс>ўџ 57ўџџџ4џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџьЅСs ПЄjbjbР Р Џ6ЊkЊkd?џџџџџџ]rrrr8ЊО,rŸ ъўў(&&&&&&\ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ,‰ є} ŠŠ &&&&&Š &&&ў&&&&&&\ ."P"&\ &6&\ \ ъг5Еrr&\ Cell Evolution Proks natural selection as driving force organic molecules, polymers syn. far from chemical equilibrium RNA world: both informational and catalytic functions containment by membranes critical for selection of favorable cooperative interactions DNA and protein evolved as more efficient for informational and catalytic RNA functions proks have rapid division, rapid adaptation; versatile and diverse Euks symbiotic theory for euk. evolution increased complexity evolved in metabolic paths increased complexity in form of subcompartments cytoskeleton for organization and movement multicellularity requires differential gene expression, cohesion, and cooperation epithelial formation is crucial other common cell types: connective, nerve cells, muscle cells more complexity= more coordination & types through more genes & control of genes Membrane Function (non-covalent associations determine membrane characteristics!) Bilayer permeability(selective) mechanical characteristics(thin,deforms,reseals,capacitator) lipid components: phospholipids (PC,PS,PE,PA,PI), sphingolipids, cholesterol dynamics (2D fluid) Membrane proteins, cell cortex, glycocalyx integral (transmembrane, lipid anchored), peripheral, topology considerations TMDs: composition, structure, prediction of detergent solubilization (ionic, nonionic) RBC cell cortex as example (PM linked actin cytoskeleton) glycocalyx (structure/function) Transporters energetics of simple diffusion, nernst equation: balanced charge & concentration @ equilibrium resting membrane potential (Na+, Ca++, Cl-,glu are high outside; X-,K+ are high inside) types/categories of transporters (uni-,sym-,anti-porters; P-,F&V-class & ABC ATPases) structure/function of transporters (binding->energy->conformational change) Ion channels ion channel structure (multi-TMD) gating (voltage & ligand), selectivity (ion coordination), inactivation (ball & chain model) Action Potential mechanism (voltage gating of Na+ & K+ channels), myelination synaptic signaling (Ca++ channels, synaptic vesicles, excitatory, inhibitory, integrative properties) Cell Interaction: (achieved by multiple weak interactions!) ECM components structure/function (collagen, multiadhesive proteins, proteoglycans, hyaluron) basement membrane, connective tissue Cell/Matrix (ECM-CAM-adaptor-cytoskeleton) integrins (dimers that bind multiadhesive proteins in ECM & cytoskel. via adaptors) examples are: focal adhesions (fibronectin-RGD, actin), hemidesmosome(lamin,keratin) Cell/Cell (heterophilic or homophilic types; (cytoskel-adaptor-CAM-CAM-adaptor-cytoskel) structure/function for: Ig type, selectin/mucin types, cadherins tight junction (actin-ZO1-occludin or claudin-Z01-actin) adherens (actin-catenin-cadherin-cadherin-catenin-actin) desmosome (keratin-plackoglobin-cadherin-cadherin-plakoglobin-keratin) gap junction (connexin-connexin) Protein Targeting (signal-signal receptor-effector (translocon or vesicle coat) sorting complexes!) Nuclear Import/Export (post-translation folded cargo) nucleus and nuclear pore structure/function NLS, NES, ran (GAP,GEF) determines directionality import (Ran binding releases cargo) & export receptors (Ran binding promotes cargo binding) regulatory mechanisms: swithching the signal by phosphorylation or binding factors Mito/Chlor Import (post-translation unfolded cargo) organelle structure/subcompartments (eg OM,IMS, IM, matrix) import signals, unfolded precursors, steps & routes to subcompartments force generation (Hsc70 ATPase, membrane potential) signal peptidases (& protease protection assay!) ER translocation (co- or post translation unfolded cargo) ER structure and functions steps involving signal, SRP, SRP receptor, translocon, signal peptidase steps that determine membrane protein topology(signal (cleaved), stoptransfer, signal anchor) force generation (Bip ATPase, translation) Biosynthetic Pathway (ER) (flow diagram of biosyn. pathway!) processing steps in ER: S-S, folding, glycosylation, quality control flow diagram, retention, retrieval, sorting complex formation (signal-receptor-adaptor-coat) Biosynthetic Pathway (post ER) (flow diagram of biosyn. pathway!) maturation & vesicle steps glycosylation in Golgi targeting to lysosomes of newly synthesized lysosomal enzymes regulated and constitutive secretion Endocytic Pathway (flow diagram of endosytic pathway!) organelles (clathrin coated vesicles, early & late endosomes, lysosome) & flow chart maturation & vesicle steps: retention, retrieval sorting complex formation Vesicle formation/Vesicle Fusion (conformational changes drive these endothermic processes) components structure/function & steps for vesicle formation components structure/function & steps for vesicle fusion Cytoskeleton (assembly driven & motor driven functions!) Microtubules functions: transport (vesicle, chromosome,organelle, cell) composition (tubulin dimers form tubes), polarity (+ end more dynamic, -end in centrosome) assembly/disassembly: dynamic instability motor structure/function (kinesin ATPase, dynein ATPase) Intermediate Filaments assembly structure/function: coiled-coil dimers pack into fibers that integrate w/ ECM or other cells for tensile strength Actin functions (cell shape & movement) organization (bundles, networks), polarity (+ end lower critical concentration=> favors assembly) assembly/disassembly: control by actin binding proteins (sequestering, capping, xlinking,severing) motor structure/function (myosin ATPase) Muscle and cell motility 4 steps in cell motility actin/myosin crossbridge cycle for muscle contraction Cell Cycle (duplication, partitioning, coordination of these events) Cell Cycle Events stages of cell cycle, functions of each stage, role of phosphorylation Cell cycle control:G2->M basic logic regulatory mechanisms: synthesis, degradation, phosphorylation, binding inhibitors G2->M mechanism: stage specific expression, directionality, rapidity, checkpoints Cell cycle control:G1->S restriction point (Start) mechanism: basic logic, components, steps, checkpoints Cell Signaling Overview transfer, transform, amplify, distribute, modulate ligands (types) and basic steps in signaling (syn,release,transport, detection etc.) receptors: types 2nd messengers: types effectors: types GPCRS, RTKs GPCR steps, example is adrenalin signaling, conformational changes RTK steps to MAPK activation MAPK cascade, 2nd Messengers specificity in MAPK signaling-> scaffold proteins cAMP, PI, IP3, Ca++ signaling steps/mechanism Crosstalk divergence convergence: summation or integrative regulatory feedback: down regulation mechanisms Cancer Mechanisms Cancer Biology tissue cooperativity: competition & selection of cancer cells genetic defects; somatic, germline (predisposition), multi-hit Cancer Mechanisms oncogenes tumor suppressor genes classes of genes that are mutated Cell Bio Review for Final page  PAGE 3 of  NUMPAGES 3 žЃTeІЎk–  А   ž А W g ” —  ' ђ ќ oеъ/PQAS{|k„яёNm.Aef +рь&&>МТз№DNŠœхџЖЯ%=км qƒѓўe‡„…‹ŒŽ’“žŸ§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§ћ§§ї§§§§№э№ш№э№э№ш0JmH0J j0JU5H*H*5\8w­[žЃЧї'RЄФTІЏUk—ч B ~ §љѓѓѓѓѓѓљѓѓѓѓѓѓѓѓ§§я§§§§§§§„ „а„а„а8w­[žЃЧї'RЄФTІЏUk—ч B ~   Ў  i С   A ž А я W “ ˜ є  G  ђ LШLopд 9mЩQиA|™с?jЈяN‘ЎЧ.fН gЅр'dŽСы&>‚МУчIЌзё ўўd~   Ў  i С   A ž А я W “ ˜ є  G  ђ LШLoд 9§§§§§§§§ї§§§§§§§§§ї§§ї§§§§§§„а„а9mЩQиA|™с?jЈяN‘ЎЧ.fН gЅр§її§§§§§§§їїї§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§„а„а'dŽСы&>‚МУчIЌзё D‰œхџ bЖаь%4§§їїї§§§ї§§її§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§„а„а D‰œхџ bЖаь%4>sШйя RqУѓў 3ew‡Ч'@dŒžŸЁЂЃЄўўўўўў,4>sШйя RqУѓў 3ew‡Ч'@dЁЂЃЄ§§їїїї§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§ђ§§§&d„а„аŸ Єј j0JU10Аа/ Ар=!Аа"Аа#а$а%А0ђ@8ђађИ|HHк(џсџсљEG(ќHHи(d'` [(@ёџ(NormalCJmH <A@ђџЁ<Default Paragraph Font,@ђ,Header  ЦрР!, @,Footer  ЦрР!&)@Ђ& Page NumberЄ 6 36!џџ џџ џџp %Єd>>>>>AŸЄ~ 94Є Є ').9;A!џ•€џ•€џџMicrosoft OfficeJ7100 HD:Courses:Soph Cell 03-240: Lectures, 2000:Section 5 course overviewMicrosoft OfficeJ7100 HD:Courses:Soph Cell 03-240: Lectures, 2000:Section 5 course overviewMicrosoft OfficeJ7100 HD:Courses:Soph Cell 03-240: Lectures, 2000:Section 5 course overviewMicrosoft OfficeJ7100 HD:Courses:Soph Cell 03-240: Lectures, 2000:Section 5 course overviewMicrosoft OfficeJ7100 HD:Courses:Soph Cell 03-240: Lectures, 2000:Section 5 course overviewMicrosoft OfficeJ7100 HD:Courses:Soph Cell 03-240: Lectures, 2000:Section 5 course overviewMicrosoft OfficeJ7100 HD:Courses:Soph Cell 03-240: Lectures, 2000:Section 5 course overviewMicrosoft OfficeJ7100 HD:Courses:Soph Cell 03-240: Lectures, 2000:Section 5 course overviewMicrosoft OfficeJ7100 HD:Courses:Soph Cell 03-240: Lectures, 2000:Section 5 course overviewMicrosoft OfficeJ7100 HD:Courses:Soph Cell 03-240: Lectures, 2000:Section 5 course overviewџ@€p p єЫяp p ѕЄА@GTimes New Roman5€Symbol3 Arial3Times"1ŒаhњEF;Ef2EfЩЋ‚ ƒ!„ЅРДД€0d­ ёџџTissue organization Adam LinstedtMicrosoft Officeўџ р…ŸђљOhЋ‘+'Гй0ˆ˜ДРифє  8 D P \hpx€'Tissue organizationissAdam LinstedtatdamNormalnMicrosoft Officeon22rMicrosoft Word 8.0@іQ@ •ўДП@TЄЗpДП@‚rYџДПЋ‚ ўџ еЭеœ.“—+,љЎDеЭеœ.“—+,љЎ@ќ hp|„Œ” œЄЌД М м'ue­ b Tissue organization Title˜ 6> _PID_GUID'AN{E7E5F203-0D48-11D4-837F-000502C0CD99} ўџџџ !"#ўџџџ%&'()*+ўџџџ-./0123ўџџџ§џџџ6ўџџџўџџџўџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџRoot Entryџџџџџџџџ РFУVинДП8€1TableџџџџџџџџWordDocumentџџџџџџџџЏ6SummaryInformation(џџџџ$DocumentSummaryInformation8џџџџџџџџџџџџ,CompObjџџџџџџџџџџџџXџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџўџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџўџџџџџ РFMicrosoft Word DocumentўџџџNB6WWord.Document.8